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Hívaro–Kawapana Languages
The Macro-Jibaro proposal, also known as ''(Macro-)Andean'', is a language proposal of Morris Swadesh and other historical linguists. The two families, Jivaroan and Cahuapanan are most frequently linked, the isolates less often. Documentation of Urarina is underway as of 2006, but Puelche and Huarpe are extinct. Kaufman (1994) linked Huarpe instead to the Muran languages and Matanawi (see Macro-Warpean), but as of 1990 found the Jibaro–Cahuapanan connection plausible. It forms one part of his expanded 2007 suggestion for Macro-Andean.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Kandozi-Chapra, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics analogous to a family tree, or to phylogenetic trees of taxa used in evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages over time. One well-known example of a language family is the Romance languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and many others, all of which are descended from Vulgar Latin.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.)''Ethnologue: Languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jivaroan Languages
The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (''Hívaro'', ''Jívaro'', ''Jibaro'') is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. Family division Chicham consists of four languages: : 1. Shuar : 2. Achuar-Shiwiar : 3. Awajun : 4. Huambisa This language family is spoken in Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador. Mason (1950) Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950): * Chicham ** Aguaruna *** Alapico *** Indanza *** Iransa *** Maranza *** Santiago *** Patocuma *** Chiguasa *** Yuganza ** Wambisa *** Uambisa *** Cherembo *** Chirapa *** Chiwando *** Candoa *** Cangaime *** Mangosisa ** Achuale *** Capawari *** Copatasa *** Machine *** Pindu *** Wampoya ** Antipa ** Maca *** Walakisa *** Zamora *** Pintuc *** Ayuli *** Morona *** Miazal ** Upano ** Bolona ** Bracamoro (Pacamuru) Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cahuapanan Languages
The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Quechuan, Arawakan, Candoshi-Shapra, Puquina, and Cariban language families due to contact. Varieties * Chayahuita or Chawi (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit) ** Chayahuita dialect ** Cahuapana dialect * Jebero (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila) The extinct language Maynas can be identified as close to Chawi. Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968): *Yamorai - spoken on the Sillai River in Loreto Department *Ataguate - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urarina Language
Urarina is a language isolate spoken in Peru, specifically in the Loreto Region of Northwest Peru, by the Urarina people. There are around 3,000 speakers in Urarinas District (along the Chambira River). It uses the Latin script. It is also known as Itucali, Simacu or Shimacu. It has the rare canonical word order of object–verb–subject. Classification The classification of Urarina remains contentious: academics have placed the language in at least four language families including Panoan, Tupian, Macro-Tucanoan, and Amerind. However, the proposed language families share few similarities with Urarina, meaning it is likely best described as either “unclassified” or as a language isolate. It is usually assumed that it is a language isolate given Urarina’s complete lack of lexical overlap with any languages surrounding Urarina territory. Dialects There are four Urarina dialect zones: *Zone A (western area, including Tigrillo and Espejo) *Zone B (Lower Chambira dialec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puelche Language
Puelche or Puelches may refer to: *Puelche people The Gününa küna (Guennakin), or sometimes Puelche (Mapudungun: ''pwelche'', "people of the east") were Indigenous peoples living east of the Andes Mountains in Chile and Southwest Argentina. They were annihilated by Plague (disease), plagues ... or Gününa Küne people, an Indigenous people of Argentina and Chile * Puelche language or Gününa Küne language, spoken by the Gününa Küne or Puelche people * Puelche (wind), a dry wind of Chile * Puelches, La Pampa, a village in Argentina {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huarpe Language
Huarpe (''Warpe'') was a small language family of central Argentina (historic Cuyo Province) that consisted of at least two closely related languages. They are traditionally considered dialects, and include Allentiac language, Allentiac (Alyentiyak, Huarpe) and Millcayac language, Millcayac (Milykayak). A third, Puntano of San Luis Province, San Luis, was not documented before the languages became extinct. Kaufman (1994) tentatively linked Huarpe to the Mura-Matanawi languages in a family he called ''Macro-Warpean''. However, he noted that "no systematic study" had been made, so that it is best to consider them independent families. Swadesh and Suárez both connected Huarpe to Macro-Jibaro languages, Macro-Jibaro, a possibility that has yet to be investigated. Varieties Loukotka (1968) Varieties classified by Loukotka (1968) as part of the Huarpe language cluster (all unattested unless noted otherwise, i.e. for Chiquiyama and Comechingon): *Oico / Holcotian - once spoken in Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candoshi-Shapra Language
Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Kandozi-Chapra, and Murato) is an indigenous American language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys. There are two dialects, Chapara (also spelled Shapra) and Kandoashi (Kandozi). It is an official language of Peru, like other native languages in the areas in which they are spoken and are the predominant language in use. Around 88.5 percent of the speakers are bilingual with Spanish. The literacy rate in Candoshi-Shapra is 10 to 30 percent and 15 to 25 percent in the second language Spanish. There is a Candoshi-Shapra dictionary, and grammar rules have been codified. Distribution Kandozi is spoken to the southeast of the main Chapra area. It is spoken along the Chapuli River (or Chapuri River) and sources of Rimachi Lake, the Huitoyacu River, and other tributaries of the Pastaza River. Chapra is spoken along the Pushaga Riv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morris Swadesh
Morris Swadesh ( ; January 22, 1909 – July 20, 1967) was an American linguist who specialized in comparative and historical linguistics, and developed his mature career at UNAM in Mexico. Swadesh was born in Massachusetts to Bessarabian Jewish immigrant parents. He completed bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Chicago, studying under Edward Sapir, and then followed Sapir to Yale University where he completed a Ph.D. in 1933. Swadesh taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1937 to 1939, and then during World War II worked on projects with the United States Army and Office of Strategic Services. He became a professor at the City College of New York after the war's end, but was fired in 1949 due to his membership in the Communist Party. He spent most of the rest of his life teaching in Mexico and Canada. Swadesh had a particular interest in the indigenous languages of the Americas, and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout North America. He was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muran Languages
Mura is a language of Amazonas, Brazil. It is most famous for Pirahã, its sole surviving dialect. Linguistically, it is typified by agglutinativity, a very small phoneme inventory (around 11 compared to around 44 in English), whistled speech, and the use of tone. In the 19th century, there were an estimated 30,000–60,000 Mura speakers. It is now spoken by only 300 Pirahã people in eight villages. Classification Mura is often proposed to be related to Matanawí. Kaufman (1994) also suggests a connection with Huarpe in his ''Macro-Warpean'' proposal. Dialects Since at least Barboza Rodrigues (1892), there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as dialects of Mura, or even as Muran languages. The names are: * Bohurá, or ''Buxwaray'', the original form of the name 'Mura'; spoken on the Autaz River * Pirahã, or ''Pirahá, Pirahán'', the name the remaining dialect goes by * Yahahí, also spelled ''Jahahi''; spoken on the Branco River (unattested) On the basis of a m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matanawi Language
Matanawi (''Matanauí, Mitandua, Moutoniway'') is an extinct divergent Amazonian language isolate that may be distantly related to the Muran languages. It was originally spoken on the Castanha River and Madeirinha River in Amazonas State. Vocabulary The only existing word list for Matanawi is that of Curt Nimuendajú Curt Unckel Nimuendajú (born Curt Unckel; 18 April 1883 – 10 December 1945) was a German-Brazilian people, Brazilian ethnologist, anthropologist, and writer. His works are fundamental for the understanding of the religion and cosmology of some ... (1925).Nimuendajú, Curt. 1925As Tribus do Alto Madeira ''Journal de la Société des Américanistes'' XVII. 137-172.PDF Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Matanawí. : References Indigenous languages of the Americas Extinct languages Language isolates of South America {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Warpean
Macro-Warpean (or Macro-Huarpean) is a provisional proposal by Kaufman (1994) that connected the extinct Huarpe language with the previously connected Muran and Matanawí ''(Mura–Matanawí)''. Morris Swadesh had included Huarpe in his Macro-Jibaro proposal. Language contact For the Mura-Matanawi languages, Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kwaza, Taruma, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Jeoromitxi, Tupi, and Arawa language families due to contact. Comparison Comparison of basic vocabulary in Matanawí and Mura-Pirahã by Diego Valio Antunes Alves (2019: 86),Valio Antunes Alves, Diego. 2019. ''Langue matanawí: Description phonologique et proposition de classification linguistique''. M.A. dissertation, Université de la Sorbonne. 86 pp. with data of both languages cited from Curt Nimuendajú Curt Unckel Nimuendajú (born Curt Unckel; 18 April 1883 – 10 December 1945) was a German-Brazilian people, Brazilian ethnologist, anthropologist, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Andean
Macro-Andean is a speculative proposal by Kaufman (2007) linking languages of the northern Andes. Kaufman (1990) found lexical support for proposals linking the Jivaro–Cahuapanan families as suggested by Swadesh and others. By 2007 he had tentatively added Saparo–Yawan, which is itself provisional, and Bora–Witoto. Languages Kaufman (2007) posits the following membership. The unclassified languages Urarina, Puelche, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano are included in the Kawapanan and Yawan branches. *Macro-Andean ** Hivaro–Kawapánan *** Kawapánan ( Chayawita, Hevero, Urarina The Urarina are an indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon Basin (Loreto (Department of Peru), Loreto) who inhabit the valleys of the Chambira, Urituyacu, and Corrientes Rivers. According to both archaeological and historical sources, they have ..., Puelche) *** Hivaro ** Sáparo–Yawan *** Sáparo ***Yawan ( Peva–Yawan, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano) ** Bora–Witotoan (including Andoqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
