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Hitler's Armenian Reference
At the conclusion of the Obersalzberg Speech (1939), German dictator Adolf Hitler likely stated, "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" (german: Wer redet heute noch von der Vernichtung der Armenier?) The veracity of the quote has been debated by scholars. Background The Armenian genocide was the systematic murder of around 1 million to 1.5 million ethnic Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Abram L. Sachar, an American historian and founding president of Brandeis University, wrote that "the genocide was cited approvingly twenty-five years later by the Fuehrer... who found the Armenian 'solution' an instructive precedent".Howard M. Sachar, ''The Emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924'' (New York, 1969), 115. According to historian Stefan Ihrig, there is considerable evidence that Nazi worldview was shaped by the Turkish revolution and getting away with genocide. Speech and version The version of the speech that includes the Arm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hitler's Obersalzberg Speech
The Obersalzberg Speech is a speech given by Adolf Hitler to Wehrmacht commanders at his Obersalzberg home on 22 August 1939, a week before the German invasion of Poland. The speech details, in particular, the pending German invasion of Poland and a planned extermination of Poles. It shows Hitler's intention to carry out this genocide in a planned manner. Origin of document In August 1939, Louis P. Lochner contacted the American diplomat Alexander Comstock Kirk and showed him the text, but Kirk was not interested.von Klemperer, Klemens ''The German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938–1945'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 p. 133. Lochner next contacted the British diplomat George Ogilvie-Forbes, who indeed transmitted it back to London on 25 August 1939. The Canadian historian Michael Marrus wrote that Lochner almost certainly obtained the text from Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, the chief of the ''Abwehr'' (German intelligence), who was present a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courtroom Portrait Of Sidney Alderman, US Prosecution Team, Created During The Trial Of German Major War Criminals At Nuremberg - Ed Vebell
A courtroom is the enclosed space in which courts of law are held in front of a judge. A number of courtrooms, which may also be known as "courts", may be housed in a courthouse. In recent years, courtrooms have been equipped with audiovisual technology to permit everyone present to clearly hear testimony and see exhibits. By country United States The judge generally sits behind a raised desk, known as the '' bench''. Behind the judge are the great seal of the jurisdiction and the flags of the appropriate federal and state governments. Judges usually wear a plain black robe (a requirement in many jurisdictions). An exception was the late U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who broke tradition by adorning his robe with four gold stripes on each sleeve. (Rehnquist reportedly said that he had been inspired to add the stripes by his having seen such stripes worn by the character of the judge, in a local production of the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operatic spoof ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impunity
Impunity is avoidance of punishment, loss, or other negative consequences for an action. In the international law of human rights, impunity is failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to justice and redress. Impunity is especially common in countries that lack a tradition of the rule of law, suffer from corruption or that have entrenched systems of patronage, or where the judiciary is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special jurisdictions or immunities. Impunity is sometimes considered a form of denialism of historical crimes. Examples The Armenian genocide was fueled by impunity for the perpetrators of earlier massacres of Armenians, such as the 1890s Hamidian massacres. After the genocide, the Treaty of Sèvres required Turkey to allow the return of refugees and enable them to recover their properties. However, Turkey did not allow the return of refugees and nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexis Demirdjian
Alexis Demirdjian is a Canadian attorney, currently serving as a Trial Lawyer for the Office of the Prosecutor at the ICC since 2015. He previously worked as a trial attorney at the ICTYs Office of the Prosecutor in The Hague. He was also part of the defence team of General Enver Hadzihasanovic between 2002 and 2005. He graduated from the Université du Québec à Montréal with a Masters in international law, after having completed his law degree (LL.B.) from the Université de Montréal. He is a member of the Barreau du Québec (Quebec Bar) since 2003. Professional experience Throughout his career, Demirdjian has worked on several cases dealing with war crimes and crimes against humanity, in situations relating to leadership (both civilian and military authorities). In particular, in addition to working on the case of General Hadzihasavonic, he was part of the Prosecution trial team (at the ICTY) in the Vukovar 3 case (Mile Mrksic, Veselin Sljivancanin and Miroslav Radic), Bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Margaret L
Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian. Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular throughout the Middle Ages. It became less popular between the 16th century and 18th century, but became more common again after this period, becoming the second-most popular female name in the United States in 1903. Since this time, it has become less common, but was still the ninth-most common name for women of all ages in the United States as of the 1990 census. Margaret has many diminutive forms in many different languages, including Maggie, Madge, Daisy, Margarete, Marge, Margo, Margie, Marjorie, Meg, Megan, Rita, Greta, Gretchen, and Peggy. Name variants Full name * (Irish) * (Irish) * (Dutch), (German), (Swedish) * (English) Diminutives * (English) * (English) First half * ( French) * (Welsh) Second half * (English), (G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western World
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to the various nations and state (polity), states in the regions of Europe, North America, and Oceania.Western Civilization Our Tradition; James Kurth; accessed 30 August 2011 The Western world is also known as the Occident (from the Latin word ''occidēns'' "setting down, sunset, west") in contrast to the Eastern world known as the Orient (from the Latin word ''oriēns'' "origin, sunrise, east"). Following the Discovery of America in 1492, the West came to be known as the "world of business" and trade; and might also mean the Northern half of the North–South divide, the countries of the ''Global North'' (often equated with capitalist Developed country, developed countries). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christopher Browning
Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian who is the professor emeritus of history at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). A specialist on the Holocaust, Browning is known for his work documenting the Final Solution, the behavior of those implementing Nazi policies, and the use of survivor testimony. He is the author of nine books, including ''Ordinary Men'' (1992) and ''The Origins of the Final Solution'' (2004). Browning taught at Pacific Lutheran University from 1974 to 1999 and eventually became a Distinguished Professor. In 1999, he moved to UNC to accept the appointment as Frank Porter Graham Professor of History, and in 2006 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. After retiring from UNC in 2014, he became a visiting professor at the University of Washington in Seattle. Browning has acted as an expert witness at several Holocaust-related trials, including the second trial of Ernst Zündel (1988 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Marrus
Michael Robert Marrus (1941–2022) was a Canadian historian of the Holocaust, modern European and Jewish history and international humanitarian law. He is the author of eight books on the Holocaust and related subjects. Overview Marrus (1941–2022) was born in Toronto, Canada. He received his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree at the University of Toronto in 1963. He then studied at the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1964 and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1968. He also received a master's degree in law from the University of Toronto in 2005. Marrus was Professor of History and Dean of Graduate Studies at the University of Toronto and served for nineteen years as Governor of the institution. He was a senior fellow of Massey College until 2017 and is the Chancellor Rose and Ray Wolfe Professor Emeritus of Holocaust Studies. In 1981 Marrus co-authored with Robert Paxton "Vichy France and the Jews" which demonstrated that the a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Canaris
Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1 January 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a German admiral and the chief of the '' Abwehr'' (the German military-intelligence service) from 1935 to 1944. Canaris was initially a supporter of Adolf Hitler, and the Nazi regime. However, following the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Canaris turned against Hitler and committed acts of both passive and active resistance during the war. Being the head of Nazi Germany's military-intelligence agency, he was in a key position to participate in resistance. As the war turned against Germany, Canaris and other military officers expanded their clandestine opposition to the leadership of Nazi Germany. By 1945, his acts of resistance and sabotage against the Nazi regime came to light and Canaris was executed in Flossenbürg concentration camp for high treason as the Allied forces advanced through Southern Germany. Early life Canaris was born on 1 January 1887 in Aplerbeck (now a part of Dortmund) in Westphal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Bernd Gisevius
Hans Bernd Gisevius (14 July 1904 – 23 February 1974) was a German diplomat and intelligence officer during the Second World War. A covert opponent of the Nazi regime, he served as a liaison in Zürich between Allen Dulles, station chief for the American OSS, and the German Resistance forces in Germany. Pre Second World War Gisevius was born in Arnsberg in the Prussian Province of Westphalia. After law school, he joined the Prussian Interior Ministry in 1933 and was assigned to the newly formed ''Geheime Staatspolizei'', or Gestapo. After joining the Gestapo, he immediately had disagreements with his senior, Rudolf Diels, and was discharged. He continued with police work in the Interior Ministry. When Heinrich Himmler took over Police functions in 1936 in the German Reich, he removed Gisevius from office. Throughout his time working for the Gestapo, Gisevius described himself as living in constant fear, entering and exiting through the back door, clutching a pistol at his s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Bodenschatz
Karl-Heinrich Bodenschatz (10 December 1890 – 25 August 1979) was a Nazi Germany, German general who was the adjutant to Manfred von Richthofen in World War I and the liaison officer between Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler in World War II. Biography Early life and First World War Bodenschatz was born in Rehau, Bavaria; in 1910 he enlisted in the 8th Bavarian Infantry Regiment and was a cadet at the War Academy in Metz until 1912. Following the German entry into World War I he saw active infantry service on the Western Front (World War I), Western Front and participated in the Battle of Verdun. After being wounded four times, in 1916 he transferred to the Deutsche ''Luftstreitkräfte'' as adjutant to ''Jagdgeschwader 2'' and then Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War I), ''Jagdgeschwader 1'' as the adjutant to Manfred von Richthofen based at Avesnes-le-Sec, Avesnes-le-sac. In June 1918 Hermann Göring took over command of the squadron after von Richthofen's death. Between the wars Af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Ogilvie-Forbes
Sir George Arthur Drostan Ogilvie-Forbes (6 December 1891 – 10 July 1954) was a British diplomat who held two key postings in the years leading up to the Second World War, as chargé d'affaires in Madrid and Valencia 1936 to 1937 and as counsellor and chargé d'affaires in Berlin from 1937 to 1939. He was known for his humanitarian efforts in both positions. In 2008, his name was included on a plaque in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London commemorating seven British diplomats "who by their personal endeavours helped to rescue victims of Nazi racial policy". Early life Ogilvie-Forbes was born on 6 December 1891 in Edinburgh, son of an Aberdeenshire landowner. He was educated at The Oratory School, Beaumont College, Bonn University and New College, Oxford. At Bonn, Ogilvie-Forbes studied modern languages, becoming fluent in French and German. In 1914 he joined the Scottish Horse Yeomanry, was wounded at Gallipoli and twice mentioned in Dispatches. In 1916 he was promo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
