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Groupement Des Scientifiques Pour L'information Sur L'énergie Nucléaire
The ''Groupement de scientifiques pour l'information sur l'énergie nucléaire'' GSIEN (Association of Scientists for Information on Nuclear Energy) is a multidisciplinary not-for-profit association of independent scientists who aim to spread information about the nuclear industry in FrancePage d'infos de GSIEN GSIEN, published 1995, accessed 2011-04-11 founded on December 15, 1975. Réseau national de mesures de la radioactivité de l'environnement, accessed 2011-04-11 In addition to providing a st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multidisciplinary
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries. It is related to an ''interdiscipline'' or an ''interdisciplinary field,'' which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between Outline of academic disciplines, academic disciplines or School of thought, schools of thought, as new needs and professions emerge. Large engineering teams are usually interdisciplinary, as a power station or mobile phone or other project requires the melding of several specialties. However, the term "interdisciplinary" is sometimes confined to academic settings. The term ''interdisciplinary'' is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several establishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monique Sené
Monique Sené (born February 14, 1936) (née Moirez) is a nuclear physicist and one of the co-founders of the '' Groupement des scientifiques pour l'information sur l'énergie nucléaire'' (GSIEN) (Association of Scientists for Information on Nuclear Energy) and its first president. As of March 2011 she was Honorary Research Director at the National Centre for Scientific Research and president of GSIEN. She is also Vice President of the Science Committee of '' Association Nationale des Comités et Commissions Locales d'Information'' (ANCCLI) (National Association of Local Information Committees and Commissions) and a member of ANCCLI's . Although she is not an opponent of nuclear power ''per se'', Sené is a high-profile critic of the French nuclear power programme due to concerns about its safety, the handling of nuclear waste and its imposition without public debate. She worked on high energy physics at the École Polytechnique at the time of GSIEN's foundation. In 1998 Moniqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of France
The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be an "indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of National Sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789". The political system of France consists of an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch. Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. The Government consists of the Prime Minister and ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, and is responsible to Parliament. The government, including the Prime Minister, can be revoked by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, through a "censure motion"; this ensures that the Prime Minister is always supported by a majority ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Energy In France
Since the mid 1980s, the largest source of electricity in France is Nuclear power, with a generation of 379.5 TWh in 2019 and a total electricity production of . In 2018, the nuclear share was 71.67%, the highest percentage in the world. Since June 2020, it has 56 operable reactors totalling 61,370 MWe, one under construction (1630 MWe), and 14 shut down or in decommissioning (5,549 MWe). In May 2022, EDF reported that twelve reactors were shut down and being inspected for stress corrosion, requiring EDF to adjust its French nuclear output estimate for 2022 to 280-300 TWh; the estimate of the impact of the decrease in output on the Group's EBITDA for 2022 was assessed to be -€18,5 billion. Électricité de France (EDF)the country's main electricity generation and distribution company – manages the country's 56 power reactors. EDF is substantially owned by the French Government, with around 85% shares in government hands. "Shareholding policy". Électricité de Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-nuclear Movement In France
In the 1970s, an anti-nuclear movement in France, consisting of citizens' groups and political action committees, emerged. Between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations.Herbert P. KitscheltPolitical Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies''British Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 16, 1984, p. 71. In 1972, the anti-nuclear weapons movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to French nuclear testing there. Activists, including David McTaggart from Greenpeace, defied the French government by sailing small vessels into the test zone and interrupting the testing program.Paul LewisDavid McTaggart, a Builder of Greenpeace, Dies at 69''The New York Times'', March 24, 2001.Lawrence S. WittnerNuclear Disarmament Activism in Asia and the Pacific, 1971-1996''The Asia-Pacific Journal'', Vol. 25-5-09, June 22, 2009. In Australia, scientists issued statements demanding an end to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Power In France
Since the mid 1980s, the largest source of electricity in France is Nuclear power, with a generation of 379.5 TWh in 2019 and a total electricity production of . In 2018, the nuclear share was 71.67%, the highest percentage in the world. Since June 2020, it has 56 operable reactors totalling 61,370 MWe, one under construction (1630 MWe), and 14 shut down or in decommissioning (5,549 MWe). In May 2022, EDF reported that twelve reactors were shut down and being inspected for stress corrosion, requiring EDF to adjust its French nuclear output estimate for 2022 to 280-300 TWh; the estimate of the impact of the decrease in output on the Group's EBITDA for 2022 was assessed to be -€18,5 billion. Électricité de France (EDF)the country's main electricity generation and distribution company – manages the country's 56 power reactors. EDF is substantially owned by the French Government, with around 85% shares in government hands. "Shareholding policy". Électricité de France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blayais Nuclear Power Plant
The Blayais Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear plant on the banks of the Gironde estuary near Blaye, France operated by Électricité de France. Description The power plant has 4 pressurized water reactors – producing 951 MW gross and 910 MW net each. They were commissioned from 1981 to 1983. The plant has 1200 EDF employees and 350 permanent workers. The four reactors produce about 25 TWh per year which is about 5% of the total electricity consumption in France (2015: 476 TWh). Since its commissioning, the Blayais nuclear power plant has produced more than 800 TWh, nearly twice the equivalent of the French electricity production in one year. In its 2016 annual report, the Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) finds that "the nuclear safety and environmental protection performance of the Blayais NPP on the whole matches ASN's general assessment of EDF and that it's radiation protection performance stands out positively", but asked for "more effective management of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golfech Nuclear Power Plant
The Golfech Nuclear Power Plant is located in the Commune of France, commune of Golfech (Tarn-et-Garonne), on the border of Garonne between Agen (30 km downstream) and Toulouse (90 km upstream) on the river Garonne, from where it gets cooling water, it is approximately 40 km west of Montauban. The station has two operating nuclear reactors that are both pressurized water reactors of the French P'4 design. The plant also has two 178.5-metre-tall cooling towersHydraulic works study of Golfech cooling towers, 1989, Goldwirt, F.; Ghuzel, M.; Lemoine, P.; https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=21068176 that get water from the Garonne River, only using water to compensate for evaporation; the cooling loop is closed and water is never released back into the river. In 2002 the plant produced nearly half of the electricity used in the area. It employs nearly 700 full-time workers. History In 1965, the Midi-Pyrénées announced its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant
The Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant is located in the Fessenheim commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France, north east of the Mulhouse urban area, within of the border with Germany, and approximately from Switzerland. Unit 1 was closed in February 2020 and unit 2 on 29 June 2020. Description The Fessenheim plant has two pressurized water reactors, which each generated 920 MWe. Construction at Fessenheim began in 1970 and the plant was commissioned in 1977. Autorité de sûreté nucléaire, accessed 2009-05-17 It is built alongside the Grand Canal d'Alsace, a canal channelling the Upper Rhine river, from which it drew of cooling water annually. The plant employed around 700 staff and 200 contractors, and indirectly supports a further 600 to 2,000 people during maintenance operations. The plant contributed around 16,000,000 euro in tax to the various local authorities, including providing the commune of Fessenheim with 70% of its revenue. In Octobe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legion Of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte, it has been retained (with occasional slight alterations) by all later French governments and regimes. The order's motto is ' ("Honour and Fatherland"); its Seat (legal entity), seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay, on the left bank of the Seine in Paris. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction: ' (Knight), ' (Officer), ' (Commander (order), Commander), ' (Grand Officer) and ' (Grand Cross). History Consulate During the French Revolution, all of the French Order of chivalry, orders of chivalry were abolished and replaced with Weapons of Honour. It was the wish of Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte, the French Consulate, First Consul, to create a reward to commend c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonprofit Organization
A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in contrast with an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a Profit (accounting), profit for its owners. A nonprofit is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. An array of organizations are nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, business associations, churches, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be Tax exemption, tax-exempt, and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without securing tax-exempt status. Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
