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Ginza (agency)
was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned silver monopoly or silver guild ('' za'') which was created in 1598. Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted silver coins; and this led to the perceived need for attending to the supply of silver. This ''bakufu'' title identifies a regulatory agency with responsibility for supervising the minting of silver coins and for superintending all silver mines, silver mining and silver-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan'', p. 201. See also * Bugyō was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials during the feudal period of Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official' ... * Kinzan-bugyō * ''Kinza'' – Gold ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * ''Dōza'' – Copper ''za'' (monopoly office or g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokugawa Shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 978.Nussbaum"''Edo-jidai''"at p. 167. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Ieyasu became the ''shōgun,'' and the Tokugawa clan governed Japan from Edo Castle in the eastern city of Edo (Tokyo) along with the ''daimyō'' lords of the ''samurai'' class.Nussbaum"Tokugawa"at p. 976. The Tokugawa shogunate organized Japanese society under the strict Tokugawa class system and banned most foreigners under the isolationist policies of ''Sakoku'' to promote political stability. The Tokugawa shoguns governed Japan in a feudal system, with each ''daimyō'' administering a ''han'' (f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marius Jansen
Marius Berthus Jansen (April 11, 1922 – December 10, 2000) was an American academic, historian, and Emeritus Professor of Japanese History at Princeton University.Princeton University, Office of Communications"Professor Marius Berthus Jansen, scholar of Japanese history, dies,"December 13, 2000. Biography Jansen was born in Vleuten in the Netherlands to Gerarda and Bartus Jansen, a florist who moved his family to Johnston, Rhode Island in the fall of 1923. Jansen grew up in Massachusetts and graduated from Princeton in 1943, having majored in European history of the Renaissance and Reformation. The same year, he began serving in the Army, studying Japanese and working in the Occupation of Japan. He took his PhD in history at Harvard in 1950, studying Japan with Edwin O. Reischauer and China with John K. Fairbank. His dissertation dealt with the interactions of the two countries and was published as ''The Japanese and Sun Yat Sen'' in 1954. He was a member of the Council on F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guilds In Japan
A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. These rules reduced free competition, but sometimes maintaine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economy Of Feudal Japan
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources'. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. Howev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silver
Silver is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ag (from the Latin ', derived from the Proto-Indo-European wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erǵ-, ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc Refining (metallurgy), refining. Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes bimetallism, alongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine". As one of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Officials Of The Tokugawa Shogunate
An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority, (either their own or that of their superior and/or employer, public or legally private). An elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election. Officials may also be appointed '' ex officio'' (by virtue of another office, often in a specified capacity, such as presiding, advisory, secretary). Some official positions may be inherited. A person who currently holds an office is referred to as an incumbent. Something "official" refers to something endowed with governmental or other authoritative recognition or mandate, as in official language, official gazette, or official scorer. Etymology The word ''official'' as a noun has been recorded since the Middle English period, first seen in 1314. It comes from the Old French ''official'' (12th century), from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of Feudal Japan
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. In many countries, the government has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. While all types of organizations have governance, the term ''government'' is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments and subsidiary organizations. The major types of political systems in the modern era are democracies, monarchies, and authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. Historically prevalent forms of government include monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, and tyranny. These forms are not always mutually exclusive, and mixed governme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulrike Schaede
Ulrike Schaede ( ja, ウリケ・シェーデ) is Professor of Japanese Business at thSchool of Global Policy and Strategy (GPS)at the University of California, San Diego. She is a leading scholar of Japanese business, management, and the Japanese economy, and specializes in Japanese business organization, employment practices and management strategies, Japan's industrial groups and political economy, antitrust, financial system and corporate governance, entrepreneurship and innovation. She is the Founding Director of thJapan Forum for Innovation and Technology (JFIT)and head of the International Management track at GPS. She has written seven books and over 50 articles on Japanese corporate strategy, business and management. Her current interest is the changing business models of large Japanese companies and their pursuit of an “aggregate niche strategy” – a concept she developed in her 2020 book “The Business Reinvention of Japan” (Stanford Business Books). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Whitney Hall
John Whitney Hall (September 13, 1916 – October 21, 1997),"John Whitney Hall papers, 1930–1999", Yale University Library was an American historian of Japan who specialized in premodern Japanese history. His life work was recognized by the Japanese government, which awarded him the Order of the Sacred Treasure.Scott, Janny. "John W. Hall, Historian of Japan, Dies at 81" bituary ''New York Times,'' October 27, 1997. Early years The only son of Congregational missionaries, Hall was born in Kyoto in 1916 and lived in Japan until he was a teenager. Hall moved to the United States to attend Phillips Andover Academy in Andover, Massachusetts before matriculating at Amherst College, where he majored in American studies. After receiving an A.B. degree in 1939, he returned to Japan as an instructor in English at Doshisha University in Kyoto until 1941. During the war, he served with the United States Naval Intelligence, leaving the service with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. Hall e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Za (guilds)
The were one of the primary types of trade guilds in feudal Japan. The za grew out of protective cooperation between merchants and religious authorities. They became more prominent during the Muromachi period where they would ally themselves with noble patrons, before they became more independent later in the period. The za commonly organized by locality, and not by trade in the rural areas; but grouped by trade in the larger cities, more familiar to their European counterparts. The monopoly of the za was challenged during the reign of Oda Nobunaga. Later in the early 18th century, the za gained in influence by working more closely with the Tokugawa government; this brought more centralization and a return to their monopoly power. After the Meiji restoration, the za was either replaced, eclipsed or would gradually adopt more modern forms of business, eventually giving rise to the modern ''zaibatsu'' and ''keiretsu'' monopolies of the 20th century. Origins The word ''za'', meanin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shuza (cinnabar Monopoly)
was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned cinnabar monopoly or cinnabar guild ('' za'') which was created in 1609. Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted coins; and this led to the perceived need for attending to the supply of cinnabar. This ''bakufu'' title identifies a regulatory agency with responsibility for supervising the handling and trading of cinnabar and for superintending all cinnabar mining and cinnabar-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan,'' p. 201. See also * Bugyō * Kinzan-bugyō * ''Kinza was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned gold monopoly or gold guild ('' za'') which was created in 1595. Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted gold coins; and this led to the perceived ...'' – Gold ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * '' Ginza'' – Silver ''za'' (monopoly office or guil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dōza (copper Monopoly)
was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned copper monopoly or copper guild ('' za'') which was created in 1636 and (1701–1712, 1738–1746, 1766–1768). Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted copper coins; and this led to the perceived need for attending to the supply of copper. This '' bakufu'' title identifies a regulatory agency with responsibility for supervising the minting of copper coins and for superintending all copper mines, copper mining and copper-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan,'' p. 201. See also * Bugyō * Kinzan-bugyō * ''Kinza'' – Gold ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * ''Ginza'' – Silver ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * ''Shuza'' – Cinnabar ''za'' (monopoly office or guild) Notes References * Hall, John W. (1955). ''Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press OC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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