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Genfel
Genfel is a river of northern Ethiopia. Rising on the foot of the Atsbi horst at 2253 metres above sea level, it flows southwestward to Giba River which empties finally in the Tekezé River. Future Lake Giba will occupy the plain where Sulluh, Genfel and Agula'i Rivers meet. Hydrography It is a confined river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with a slope gradient of 9 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries, the river has cut a deep gorge. Hydrology Hydrological characteristics The runoff footprint or annual total runoff volume is 76 million m³. Peak discharges up to 300 m³ per second occur in the second part of the rainy season (month of August) when there are strong rains and the soils are saturated with water in many places. The percentage of total rainfall that directly leaves the catchment as storm runoff (also called runoff coefficient) is 12%. The total amount of sediment that is transported by this river amounts to 274,000 tonnes per year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Giba
Lake Giba is a reservoir under construction at the border of the Inderta; Kilte Awula'ilo and Dogu’a Tembien ''woredas'' of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The earthen dam that holds the reservoir is under construction in 2020. It will collect the water from the catchments of Sulluh River (969 km²), Genfel River (733 km²) and Agula'i River (692 km²). Dam characteristics The dam is aimed to provide drinking water to Mekelle and to regulate the river flow. * Dam height: 80 metres * Dam crest length: 1000 metres Capacity * Original capacity: 350 million m³ * Reservoir area: 9 km³ Average annual sediment input to the reservoir by the main rivers was calculated as 3.8 million tonnes: * Sulluh: 862,410 t * Genfel: 364,301 t * Agula'i River: 2,618,528 t Flooding The dam will occupy the wide valley bottom at the river confluences, which is currently occupied by farmlands and bushlands. The reservoir will extend into the lower Genfel and Suluh gorge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giba River
Giba is a river of northern Ethiopia. It starts at the confluence of Genfel and Sulluh (which rises in the mountains of Mugulat) (3298 metres above sea level) and flows westward to the Tekezé River. Future Lake Giba will occupy the plain where Sulluh, Genfel and Agula'i Rivers meet, and hence be the future source of Giba River. Hydrography It is a confined river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with a slope gradient of 7 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries, the river has cut a deep gorge. Tributaries Main tributaries, from downstream to upstream, are * Tanqwa ** Tsech'i River ** May Qoqah ** Arwadito ** Adawro River * May Selelo * Zikuli River * Gra Adiam River, also called Bitchoqo River * Zeyi River * Inda Sillasie River ** May Zegzeg *** May Harena *** May Sho'ate ** May Be'ati River * Addi Keshofo River * May Gabat * Inda Anbesa * Ruba Bich'i River * Hurura ** Afedena River *** May Ayni ** Shimbula * Ilala River * Qarano River * Agula'i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulluh
Sulluh is a river of northern Ethiopia. Rising in the mountains of Mugulat (3298 metres above sea level), it flows southward to Giba River which empties finally in the Tekezé River. Future Lake Giba will occupy the plain where Sulluh, Genfel and Agula'i Rivers meet. Hydrography It is a confined river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with a slope gradient of 11 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries, the river has cut a deep gorge. Hydrology Hydrological characteristics The runoff footprint or annual total runoff volume is 133 million m³. Peak discharges up to 338 m³ per second occur in the second part of the rainy season (month of August) when there are strong rains and the soils are saturated with water in many places. The percentage of total rainfall that directly leaves the catchment as storm runoff (also called runoff coefficient) is 13%. The total amount of sediment that is transported by this river amounts to 614,000 tonnes per year. Median ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kilte Awulaelo
Kilte Awulaelo () is one of the Districts of Ethiopia, or ''woredas'', in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Misraqawi Zone, Kilte Awulaelo is bordered on the south by the Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone, on the west by the Mehakelegnaw (Central) Zone, on the northeast by Hawzen, on the north by Saesi Tsaedaemba, and on the east by Atsbi Wenberta. Towns in the Kilte Awulaelo woreda include Agula, Tsigereda and Maimekden. Town of Wukro is surrounded by Kilte Awulaelo. History Archeological surveys at the village of Aynalem has recovered Sabaean inscriptions, an obelisk carved from stone, rocks shaped to resemble Egyptian pyramids, and ancient metal utensils in an area which has been left uncultivated due to religious beliefs. Gezaei Haile, a scientist and geology instructor at Mekelle University, in an interview with ''Jimma Times'' dated these artifacts to "a time of 200 years before birth of Christ, as none of the antiquities have sign of cross on them." There are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wukro
Wukro (Tigrigna: ውቕሮ) (also known as Wukro Kilte Awulaelo; Tigrigna: ውቕሮ ክልተ ኣውላዕሎ) (also transliterated Wuqro; is a town and separate woreda in Tigray, Ethiopia. Wukro is located along Genfel River, in the Misraqawi (Eastern) zone of the Tigray region on the Asmara-Addis Ababa highway (Ethiopian Highway 2). Wukro is surrounded by Kilte Awulaelo woreda. The rock-hewn churches around Wukro are the town's most distinctive landmarks. In earlier sources the area is usually referred to as Dongolo ( Ge'ez: ዶንጎሎ) before the foundation of Wukro as a modern town, after the name of the main village nearby, while the term Wukro just referred originally to the church area of Wuqro Cherqos which was situated within the land of Dongolo village. Due to the establishment of modern infrastructure, including a far-distance road, the area around Wuqro Cherqos evolved into a town by itself, thus separated from Dongolo and became an economic and administrative ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agula'i River
Agula’i is a river of northern Ethiopia. Rising in the mountains of Atsbi Wenberta (2676 metres above sea level), it flows southwestward to Giba River which empties finally in the Tekezé River. Future Lake Giba will occupy the plain where Sulluh, Genfel and Agula’i Rivers meet. Hydrography It is a confined river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with a slope gradient of 8 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries, the river has cut a deep gorge. Hydrology Hydrological characteristics The runoff footprint or annual total runoff volume is 115 million m³. Peak discharges up to 520 m³ per second occur in the second part of the rainy season (month of August) when there are strong rains and the soils are saturated with water in many places. The percentage of total rainfall that directly leaves the catchment as storm runoff (also called runoff coefficient) is 12%. As limestone is present in 47% of the catchment this runoff coefficient is less than that of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tigray Region
The Tigray Region, officially the Tigray National Regional State, is the northernmost regional state in Ethiopia. The Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob, and Kunama people. Its capital and largest city is Mekelle. Tigray is the fifth-largest by area, the fifth-most populous, and the fifth-most densely populated of the 11 regional states. Tigray's official language is Tigrinya, similar to that spoken in Eritrea just to the North. The estimated population as of 2019 is 5,443,000. The majority of the population (c. 80%) are farmers, contributing 46% to the regional gross domestic product (2009). The highlands have the highest population density, especially in eastern and central Tigray. The much less densely populated lowlands comprise 48% of Tigray's area. Like many parts of Africa, Tigray is far from a religious monolith. Despite the historical identification of Ethiopia with Orthodox Christianity, the presence of Islam in Ethiopia is as old as the religion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flash Floods
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry lakes and depressions. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, or tropical storm, or by meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam, as occurred before the Johnstown Flood of 1889. Flash floods are distinguished from regular floods by having a timescale of fewer than six hours between rainfall and the onset of flooding. Flash floods are a significant hazard, causing more fatalities in the U.S. in an average year than lightning, tornadoes, or hurricanes. Flash floods can also deposit large quantities of sediments on floodplains and can be destructive of vegetation cover not adapted to frequent flood conditions. Causes Flash floods most often occur in dry areas that have recently received precipitation, but they may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baseflow
Baseflow (also called drought flow, groundwater recession flow, low flow, low-water flow, low-water discharge and sustained or fair-weather runoff) is the portion of the streamflow that is sustained between precipitation events, fed to streams by delayed pathways. It should not be confused with groundwater flow. Fair weather flow is also called base flow. Importance Baseflow is important for sustaining human centers of population and ecosystems. This is especially true for watersheds that do not rely on snowmelt. Different ecological processes will occur at different parts of the hydrograph. During the baseflow ascending limb, there is frequently more stream area and habitat available for water-dependent species, spawning salmon for example. During the recession limb which in California is from May to October, there is increasingly less stream area, indigenous species are more adept at surviving in low flow conditions than introduced species. Geology Baseflow is derived from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerial Reconnaissance In World War II
A transformational growth in aerial reconnaissance occurred in the years 1939–45, especially in Britain and then in the United States. It was an expansion determined mostly by trial and error, represented mostly by new tactics, new procedures, and new technology, though rarely by specialized aircraft types. The mission type branched out into many sub-types, including new electronic forms of reconnaissance. In sharp contrast with the case during the pre-war years, by 1945 air reconnaissance was widely recognized as a vital, indispensable component of air power. Pre-war situation In the interwar years, reconnaissance languished as a mission type and tended to be overshadowed by routine aerial mapping. This was despite the growth (in the United States and Britain) of a doctrine of strategic bombardment as the decisive weapon of war. Experience would soon prove that bombing was completely ineffective unless accompanied by intensive aerial reconnaissance. In the 1930s, gradual technic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exclosure
An exclosure, in an area being used extensively for grazing, is a limited area from which unwanted browsing animals, such as domestic cattle or wildlife such as deer, are excluded by fencing or other means. Environmental protection Most commonly, exclosures are areas that are set aside for regreening. Wood harvesting and livestock range are not allowed there. Effects on environment The establishment of an exclosure has positive effects on: * biodiversity * water infiltration * protection from flooding * sediment deposition * carbon sequestration Economic benefits In developing countries, people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other non-timber forest products. The local inhabitants also consider it as “land set aside for future generations”. Carbon credits Exclosures have as an additional benefit that the surrounding communities may receive carbon credits for the sequestered CO2, as part of a carbon offs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terrace (earthworks)
In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming. This type of landscaping is therefore called terracing. Graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain. Terraced fields decrease both erosion and surface runoff, and may be used to support growing crops that require irrigation, such as rice. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of the significance of this technique. Uses Terraced paddy fields are used widely in rice, wheat and barley farming in east, south, southwest, and southeast Asia, as well as the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, and South America. Drier-climate terrace farming is common throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where they are used for vineyards, olive trees, cork oak, and other crops. Ancient history ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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