Geirröðr
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Geirröðr
Geirröðr (also Geirröd) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. He is the father of the Gjálp and Greip, who are killed by the thunder-god Thor. Geirröðr is mentioned in the skaldic poem ''Þórsdrápa'', written by Eilíf Godrúnarson (late 10th c. AD), itself cited in ''Skáldskaparmál'' (early 13th c.) where it is preceded by Snorri Sturluson's account of the myth, and in ''Gesta Danorum'' by Saxo Grammaticus (early 13th c.). Saturn's moon Geirrod is named after him. Name The Old Norse name ''Geirröðr'' has been translated as 'spear-reddener'. It stems from the Old Norse masculine noun ''geirr'' ('spear'), ultimately from the Proto-Germanic ''*gaizaz'' ('spear, tip'). An unrelated figure also bears the name ''Geirröðr'' in the eddic poem ''Grímnismál''. Attestations Prose Edda In ''Skáldskaparmál'' (The Language of Poetry; early 13th c.), Loki is flying in Frigg’s hawk coat to Geirrödargardar, the abode of the giant Geirröðr, when he is captured by ...
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Frigg
Frigg (; Old Norse: ) is a goddess, one of the Æsir, in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, the source of most surviving information about her, she is associated with marriage, prophecy, clairvoyance and motherhood, and dwells in the wetland halls of Fensalir. In wider Germanic mythology, she is known in Old High German as , in Langobardic as , in Old English as , in Old Frisian as ''Frīa'', and in Old Saxon as , all ultimately stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym *''Frijjō''. Nearly all sources portray her as the wife of the god Odin. In Old High German and Old Norse sources, she is specifically connected with Fulla, but she is also associated with the goddesses Lofn, Hlín, Gná, and ambiguously with the Earth, otherwise personified as an apparently separate entity Jörð (Old Norse: 'Earth'). The children of Frigg and Odin include the gleaming god Baldr. The English weekday name Friday (ultimately meaning 'Frigg's Day') bears her name. After Christianization, t ...
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Gjálp And Greip
Gjálp (Old Norse: ; or Gialp) and Greipa (O.N.: ; or Greip) are two jötnar in Norse mythology, and the daughters of the giant Geirröðr. They are killed by the thunder-god Thor. Names The Old Norse name ''Gjálp'' has been variously translated as 'screamer', 'yelper'. It is related to the Icelandic ''gjálp'' ('roar; sea, wave'), and to the Old Norse ''gjalpa'' ('to brag'). ''Greipa'' is translated as ('gripper, grasper'). It derives from the Old Norse ''greip'' ('hand ith spread thumbs handle'). Attestations Prose Edda In ''Skáldskaparmál'' (The Language of Poetry), Thor meets Gjálp as he is trying to wade across the Vimur River; she is causing the river to swell with what appears to be her urine or menstrual fluids as she is standing "astride the river". Thor eventually reaches Geirrödargardar, the abode of the giant Geirröðr. He sits on a chair that is lifted up against the roof by Gjálp and Greipa as they are trying to kill him. Viking Age The sam ...
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Mjölnir
Mjölnir (from Old Norse Mjǫllnir) is the hammer of the thunder god Thor in Norse mythology, used both as a devastating weapon and as a divine instrument to provide blessings. The hammer is attested in numerous sources, including the 11th century runic Kvinneby amulet, the ''Poetic Edda'', a collection of eddic poetry compiled in the 13th century, and the ''Prose Edda'', a collection of prose and poetry compiled in the 13th century. The hammer was commonly worn as a pendant during the Viking Age in the Scandinavian cultural sphere, and Thor and his hammer occur depicted on a variety of objects from the archaeological record. Today the symbol appears in a wide variety of media and is again worn as a pendant by various groups, including adherents of modern Heathenry. Etymology The etymology of the hammer's name, ''Mjǫllnir'', is disputed among historical linguists. Old Norse ''Mjǫllnir'' developed from Proto-Norse *''melluniaR'' and one proposed derivation connects this form ...
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Geirrod (moon)
Geirrod (Saturn LXVI), provisionally known as S/2004 S 38, is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna on October 8, 2019 from observations taken between December 12, 2004 and March 22, 2007. It was given its permanent designation in August 2021. On 24 August 2022, it was officially named after Geirröðr, a jötunn from Norse mythology. He is an enemy of Thor Thor (; from non, Þórr ) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism. In Norse mythology, he is a hammer-wielding æsir, god associated with lightning, thunder, storms, sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, sacred groves ... and is killed by him. Geirrod is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 21.908 Gm in 1,211.02 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic, in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.437. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Geirrod (Moon) Norse group Irre ...
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Gríðr
Gríðr (Old Norse: ; or Gríd) is a jötunn in Norse mythology. She is the mother of Víðarr the silent and the consort of Odin. Saturn's moon Gridr was named after her. Name The poetic Old Norse name ''Gríðr'' has been translated as "vehemence, violence, or impetuosity". Its etymology is unclear. Attestations Prose Edda In ''Skáldskaparmál'' (The Language of Poetry), Gríðr is portrayed as equipping the thunder god Thor with her belt of strength, her iron glove, and her staff ''Gríðarvöl'' (Gríðr's-staff) on Thor's journey to the abode of Geirröðr. Gríðr is also mentioned in a list of troll-wives ("I shall list the names of troll-wives. Grid and Gnissa, Gryla..."). Skaldic poetry ''Gríðarvöl'' (Gríðr's staff) is also mentioned in the poem ''Þórsdrápa'' by the late-10th-century skald Eilífr Goðrúnarson. Gríðr appears in 10th-century kennings for 'wolf' (the steed of troll-wife) and for 'axe' (that which is dangerous to the life-protecto ...
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Feather Cloak
Feather cloaks have been used by several cultures. Hawaii Elaborate feather cloaks called '' ʻahuʻula'' were created by early Hawaiians for the '' alii'' (royalty). Feathers were also used in women's skirts called ''pāū''. The ''iiwi'' (''Vestiaria coccinea'') and ''apapane'' ('' Himatione sanguinea''), which provided red feathers, were killed and skinned due to their abundance. Yellow feathers were obtained from the mostly black and rarer ''ōō'' ('' Moho nobilis'') and ''mamo'' ('' Drepanis pacifica'') using a catch and release philosophy to ensure future availability. Famous works include: * Nāhienaena's Paū, feather skirt of Princess Nāhienaena and funeral garment of Hawaiian royals * Kamehameha's Cloak, feather cloak of Kamehameha I made entirely of the golden-yellow feather of the mamo, used by the kings of Hawaii * Kiwalao's Cloak, feather cloak of Kīwalaʻō captured by Kamehameha I in 1782, used by the Queens of Hawaii * Liloa's Kāei, sash of King ...
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Jötunn
A (also jotun; in the normalised scholarly spelling of Old Norse, ; ; plural / ) or, in Old English, (plural ) is a type of supernatural being in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, they are often contrasted with gods (Æsir and Vanir) and other non-human figures, such as dwarfs and elves, although the groupings are not always mutually exclusive. The entities themselves are referred to by several other terms, including , (or ) and if male and or if female. The typically dwell across boundaries from the gods and humans in lands such as . The are frequently attested throughout the Old Norse record, with also featuring in the Old English epic poem ''Beowulf''. The usage of the terms is dynamic, with an overall trend that the beings become portrayed as less impressive and more negative as Christianity becomes more influential. Although the term "giant" is sometimes used to gloss the word "" and its apparent synonyms in some translations and academic texts, are not ...
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Grímnismál
''Grímnismál'' (Old Norse: ; 'The Lay of Grímnir') is one of the mythological poems of the ''Poetic Edda''. It is preserved in the Codex Regius manuscript and the AM 748 I 4to fragment. It is spoken through the voice of ''Grímnir'', one of the many guises of the god Odin. The very name suggests guise, or mask or hood. Through an error, King Geirröth tortured Odin-as-Grímnir, a fatal mistake, since Odin caused him to fall upon his own sword. The poem is written mostly in the ljóðaháttr metre, typical for wisdom verse. Structure and history The work starts out with a lengthy prose section describing the circumstances leading up to Grímnir's monologue. The monologue itself comprises 54 stanzas of poetic verse describing the worlds and Odin's many guises. The third and last part of the poem is also prose, a brief description of Geirröth's demise, his son's ascension, and Odin's disappearance. The prose sections were most likely not part of the original oral versions ...
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Otherworld
The concept of an otherworld in historical Indo-European religion is reconstructed in comparative mythology. Its name is a calque of ''orbis alius'' (Latin for "other Earth/world"), a term used by Lucan in his description of the Celtic Otherworld. Comparable religious, mythological or metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of conscio ... concepts, such as a realm of supernatural beings and a realm of the dead, are found in cultures throughout the world.''Gods, goddesses, and mythology'', Volume 11, C. Scott Littleton, Marshall Cavendish, 2005, , . Pp. 1286-1287 Spirits are thought to travel between worlds, or layers of existence in such traditions, usually along an Axis mundi, axis such as a world tree, giant tree, a tent pole, a river, a rope or mountains. Indo-European ...
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John Lindow
John Frederick Lindow (born July 23, 1946) is an American philologist who is Professor Emeritus of Old Norse and Folklore at University of California, Berkeley. He is a well known authority on Old Norse religion and literature. Biography John Lindow was born in Washington, D.C. on July 23, 1946, the son of Wesley Lindow and Eleanor Niemetta. His father was a banker and his mother was a teacher. John Lindow received his undergraduate degree at Harvard University, where he gained a A.B. magna cum laude in 1968, and a PhD in 1972, both in Germanic Languages and Literatures. After gaining his Ph.D, Lindow joined the faculty at University of California, Berkeley, serving as Acting Assistant Professor (1972-1974), Assistant Professor (1974-1977), Associate Professor (1977-1983), and Professor of Scandinavian (1983-?). He was since retired as Professor Emeritus of Old Norse and Folklore. In 1977, Lindow was elected as a corresponding member of the Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy. In ...
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Þorsteins þáttr Bæjarmagns
''Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns'' or ''The Story of Thorsteinn House-Power'' is a short legendary saga or þáttr. It is a reworking of many of Thor Thor (; from non, Þórr ) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism. In Norse mythology, he is a hammer-wielding æsir, god associated with lightning, thunder, storms, sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, sacred groves ...'s adventures, where Thorsteinn takes the place of Thor. Editions and translationsHerman Palson and Paul Edwards translation from Seven Viking Romances at Jörmungrund.The story in Old Norse at «Norrøne Tekster og Kvad».
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Ingot
An ingot is a piece of relatively pure material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing. In steelmaking, it is the first step among semi-finished casting products. Ingots usually require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting, or milling to produce a useful final product. Non-metallic and semiconductor materials prepared in bulk form may also be referred to as ingots, particularly when cast by mold based methods. Precious metal ingots can be used as currency (with or without being processed into other shapes), or as a currency reserve, as with gold bars. Types Ingots are generally made of metal, either pure or alloy, heated past its melting point and cast into a bar or block using a mold chill method. A special case are polycrystalline or single crystal ingots made by pulling from a molten melt. Single crystal Single crystal ingots (called boules) of materials are grown (crystal growth) using methods such as the Czo ...
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