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Gara Medouar
Gara Medouar, also known as Jebel Mudawwar ("round mountain"), Gara Mdouar or Mdoura, is a horseshoe-shaped geological formation (" erosion cirque") near Sijilmasa, Morocco. In the 11th century it was developed into a fortress with a military garrison that likely protected the nearby trade city of Sijilmasa, where gold coins were minted, and the trade routes from the south. Representatives of the Almoravid dynasty likely had the fortifications built, which included a wall of up to 12 metres high that closed off the only opening to the massif, two walls and defensive structures along the mountains, dams in the canyons to collect water, and a variety of structures on the plateaus. The massif was studied by Moroccan sociologist Paul Pascon. Starting with the 1999 film '' The Mummy'', it has also been used as a filming location, and has become a tourist attraction especially for off-roaders. Description and location Gara Medouar is located to the west of the principal tell of Sij ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sijilmasa
, alternate_name = , image = 1886608-the ruins of Sijilmassa-Rissani.jpg , alt = , caption = Sijilmasa ruins , map_type = Morocco , map_alt = , coordinates = , location = Errachidia, Drâa-Tafilalet, Morocco , region = , type = Settlement , part_of = , length = , width = , area = , height = , builder = , material = , built = 757 A.D. , abandoned = 1393 A.D. , epochs = , cultures = Berber, Arab , dependency_of = , occupants = , event = , excavations = 1988–1996 , archaeologists = World Monuments Fund , condition = , ownership = Moroccan Ministry of Culture , management = , public_access = , website = , notes = , designation1 = , designation1_offname = , designation1_date = , designation1_number = , designation1_criteria = , designation1_type = , designation1_free1name = , designation1_free1value = , designation1_free2name = , designation1_free2value = Sijilmasa ( ar, سجلماسة; ; al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bastion
A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and the adjacent bastions. Compared with the medieval fortified towers they replaced, bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defence in the age of gunpowder artillery. As military architecture, the bastion is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries. Evolution By the middle of the 15th century, artillery pieces had become powerful enough to make the traditional medieval round tower and curtain wall obsolete. This was exemplified by the campaigns of Charles VII of France who reduced the towns and castles held by the English during the latter stages of the Hundred Years War, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spectre (2015 Film)
''Spectre'' is a 2015 spy film and the twenty-fourth in the ''James Bond'' series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. Directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, John Logan, and Jez Butterworth, it stars Daniel Craig as Bond, alongside Christoph Waltz, Léa Seydoux, Ben Whishaw, Naomie Harris, Dave Bautista, Monica Bellucci, and Ralph Fiennes. In the film, Bond learns of Spectre, an international crime organisation led by Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Waltz). Despite initially stating he would not direct ''Spectre'', Mendes confirmed his return in 2014 after Nicolas Winding Refn declined to direct; Mendes became the first to direct successive ''James Bond'' films since John Glen. The inclusion of Spectre and its associated characters marked the end of the ''Thunderball'' controversy, in which Kevin McClory and Fleming were embroiled in lengthy legal disputes over the film rights to the novel; ''Spectre'' is the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morocco–Portugal Relations
Morocco–Portugal relations cover a period of several centuries largely historic, and to present not particularly substantial relations. Initial contacts started in the 8th century, when Muslim forces invaded most of the territory of the Iberian peninsula. After the Reconquista, Portugal would then expand into Africa, starting with the territory of Morocco, by invading cities and establishing fortified outposts along the Moroccan coast. First Islamic expansion - Umayyad Caliphate (8th century) Following the invasion of southern Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate with the Berber Commander Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, during the 8th century Arab and Berber armies invaded the rest of Iberia, and even went beyond to Southern France, and as far as Poitiers and the Rhône valley, until the turning point of the Battle of Tours in 732. The Rio Douro eventually became the boundary between Christian and Muslim lands. The land between the Douro and Rio Minho was the Christian County of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Ibn Wasul
Muhammad ibn al-Fath Wasul ibn Maymun al-Amir () () was the tenth Midrarid emir of Sijilmasa. He was the first Midrarid ruler to adopt Maliki Sunni Islam. Biography He was a son of al-Fath Wasul ibn Maymun al-Amir (), and cousin of his predecessor, al-Muntasir Samgu ibn Muhammad and was an enemy of the Fatimids and supporter of the Caliphate of Córdoba. It is known that he served in the Umayyad armies in al-Andalus at the Battle of Simancas on August 1, 939, and had converted to Maliki Sunnism, the prevailing ''madhhab'' on the Iberian Peninsula. He carried out a coup in 942–943 against the 13-year-old al-Muntasir and his grandmother who acted as regent, and took the power; al-Muntasir was imprisoned. Considered a partisan of the Umayyads, his assumption of power alarmed the Fatimid Caliph. Muhammad sought the support of the Berbers to make war on the Fatimids. He assumed the caliphal title of ''amir al-mu'minin'' and the regnal title ''al-Shakir li-llah'' ("the grateful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banu Midrar
The Midrarid dynasty () was a Berber dynasty that ruled the Sijilmasa region in Morocco from their capital of Sijilmasa, starting in the late 8th or early 9th century to 976/7. History The exact origin or date of foundation of the Midrarid dynasty are unclear, as the main sources—in the main, al-Bakri, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Idhari, and Qadi al-Nu'man—are not in agreement over the details, and two different traditions are reported. According to the first, the family was founded by a Sufri Miknasa Berber, Samgu ibn Wasul. Samgu led the establishment of the town of Sijilmasa in 757/8, and in 772, became its second ruler. According to the second version, the dynasty was established by a smith called Midrar, who fled the suppression of the revolt in Córdoba against al-Hakam I in 818, and settled at the site where Sijilmasa was later established. According to Charles Pellat, it is clear that Sijilmasa was already in existence by the late 8th century, but on the other hand, the arriva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capel 3 Vue Générale De La Muraille Basse
Capel may refer to: People *Capell, surname, includes a list of people with the surnames Capel and Capell *Capel (given name), includes a list of people with the given name Capel Places England *Capel, Kent, a village and civil parish near Tunbridge Wells *Capel, Surrey, a village and civil parish *Capel-le-Ferne, Kent *Capel St Andrew, Suffolk *Capel St Mary, Suffolk *RNAS Capel, a First World War airship station near Folkestone, Kent Australia *Capel, Western Australia *Shire of Capel, Western Australia *Electoral district of Capel, Western Australia, a Legislative Assembly electorate from 2005 to 2008 *Capel River, Western Australia Other uses * HMS ''Capel'', two Royal Navy ships *Cooperativa Agrícola Pisquera Elqui Limitada Cooperativa Agrícola Pisquera Elqui Limitada (CAPEL), also called Pisco Capel, is one of Chile's biggest spirits company and producer of pisco. Most of its croplands are in the Elqui Valley where the company was founded as a producers cooperati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans-Saharan Trade
Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century. The Sahara once had a very different environment. In Libya and Algeria, from at least 7000 BC, there was pastoralism, the herding of sheep, goats, large settlements, and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara ( Ahaggar) from 4000 to 3500 BC. Remarkable rock paintings (dated 3500 to 2500 BC) in places that are currently very dry, portray flora and fauna that are not present in the modern desert environment. As a desert, Sahara is now a hostile expanse that separates the Mediterranean economy from the economy of the Niger basin. As Fernand Braudel points out, crossing such a zone, especially without mechanized transport, is worthwhile only when exceptional circumstances cause the expected gain to outweigh the cost and the danger. Trade was conducted by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rubble Stone
Rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses. It may fill the core of a wall which is faced with unit masonry such as brick or ashlar. Analogously, some medieval cathedral walls are outer shells of ashlar with an inner backfill of mortarless rubble and dirt. Square Rubble Masonry Square Rubble Masonry is where face stones are dressed (squared on all joints and beds) before laying, set in Mortar (masonry), mortar and appear as the outer surface of a wall. History The sack masonry is born as an evolution of Levee, embankment covered with boards, stones or bricks. The coating was used to give the embankment greater strength and make it more difficult for the enemies to climb. The Sadd el-Kafara, Sadd el-Khafara dam, 14 meters high and built in sacking masonry in Wadi Al-Garawi near Helwan in Egypt, dates back to 2900 - 2600 BC The Greeks called the brickwork emplekton, emplecton and made use of it in particular in the construction of the defensive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musalla
A musalla ( ar-at, مصلى, muṣallá) is a space apart from a mosque, mainly used for prayer in Islam.''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. New Edition. Brill, Leiden. Vol. 7, pg. 658; ''al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya.'' Kuwait 1998. Vol. 38, pg 29 The word is derived from the verb (''ṣallā''), meaning "to pray". It is traditionally used for the Eid prayers and the funeral prayers as per the Sunnah. A musalla may also refer to a room, structure, or place for conducting ''salah'' (canonical prayers) and is usually translated as a "prayer hall" smaller than a mosque. It is usually used for conducting the five mandatory prayers or other prayers in (or without) a small congregation, but not for large congregation prayers such as the Friday prayers or the Eid prayers (the latter is conducted in congregational mosques in case there is no musalla, in the original meaning of open space, available). Such musallas are usually present in airports, malls, universities and other public places ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capel 6 Plans Schématiques à L’échelle De Quelques Maisons Du Jebel Mudawwar
Capel may refer to: People *Capell, surname, includes a list of people with the surnames Capel and Capell *Capel (given name), includes a list of people with the given name Capel Places England *Capel, Kent, a village and civil parish near Tunbridge Wells *Capel, Surrey, a village and civil parish *Capel-le-Ferne, Kent *Capel St Andrew, Suffolk *Capel St Mary, Suffolk *RNAS Capel, a First World War airship station near Folkestone, Kent Australia *Capel, Western Australia *Shire of Capel, Western Australia *Electoral district of Capel, Western Australia, a Legislative Assembly electorate from 2005 to 2008 *Capel River, Western Australia Other uses * HMS ''Capel'', two Royal Navy ships *Cooperativa Agrícola Pisquera Elqui Limitada Cooperativa Agrícola Pisquera Elqui Limitada (CAPEL), also called Pisco Capel, is one of Chile's biggest spirits company and producer of pisco. Most of its croplands are in the Elqui Valley where the company was founded as a producers cooperati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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