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Gambierdiscus Yasumotoi
''Gambierdiscus'' is a genus of marine dinoflagellates that produce ciguatoxins, a type of toxin that causes the foodborne illness known as ciguatera. They are usually epiphytic on macroalgae growing on coral reefs. Morphology ''Gambierdiscus'' cells generally have a lenticular shape with a depression on the ventral side of the cell, from where the two dissimilar flagella arise. ''Gambierdiscus'' cells have an orange to brown colour due to the assessory pigments peridinin, diadinoxanthin and dinoxanthin. Distribution The marine dinoflagellate genus ''Gambierdiscus'' occurs globally in tropic and subtropic regions. It mainly grows attached to macroalgae and coralline turfalgae. Thus, it does not form visible surface blooms like many other harmful dinoflagellate species (red tides). A decrease in coral reefs due to bleaching, pollution or overfishing usually facilitates the growth of macroalgae, which can cause spreading of this epiphytic dinoflagellate genus. Ciguatera Seve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinoflagellate
The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος ''dinos'' "whirling" and Latin ''flagellum'' "whip, scourge") are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata and are usually considered algae. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they also are common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis). In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms. Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (for example, ''Oodinium'' and ''Pfiesteria''). Some dinoflagellates pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Carpenteri
''Gambierdiscus carpenteri'' is a species of toxic dinoflagellate, which among others causes ciguatera fish poisoning. It is photosynthetic and epibenthic Benthos (), also known as benthon, is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the bottom of a sea, river, lake, or stream, also known as the benthic zone. References Further reading *Litaker, R. Wayne, et al. "Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus." Toxicon 56.5 (2010): 711-730. *Kibler, Steven R., et al. "Growth of eight Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species: Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance." Harmful Algae 19 (2012): 1-14.External links *[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Yasumotoi
''Gambierdiscus'' is a genus of marine dinoflagellates that produce ciguatoxins, a type of toxin that causes the foodborne illness known as ciguatera. They are usually epiphytic on macroalgae growing on coral reefs. Morphology ''Gambierdiscus'' cells generally have a lenticular shape with a depression on the ventral side of the cell, from where the two dissimilar flagella arise. ''Gambierdiscus'' cells have an orange to brown colour due to the assessory pigments peridinin, diadinoxanthin and dinoxanthin. Distribution The marine dinoflagellate genus ''Gambierdiscus'' occurs globally in tropic and subtropic regions. It mainly grows attached to macroalgae and coralline turfalgae. Thus, it does not form visible surface blooms like many other harmful dinoflagellate species (red tides). A decrease in coral reefs due to bleaching, pollution or overfishing usually facilitates the growth of macroalgae, which can cause spreading of this epiphytic dinoflagellate genus. Ciguatera Seve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Toxicus
''Gambierdiscus toxicus'' is a species of photosynthetic unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup. It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera, and is known to produce several natural polyethers including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid, and gambierol. The species was discovered attached to the surface of brown macroalgae. History This species was first described by Adachi, R. & Fukuyo, Y in 1979 using samples collected around Gambier Islands. Which was split into five different species (''Gambierdiscus caribaeus'', ''Gambierdiscus carolinianus'', ''Gambierdiscus carpenteri'', ''Gambierdiscus ruetzleri'' and ''Gambierdiscus toxicus'') according to their morphological characteristic of thecal structure, and the sequence of both D1–D3 and D8–D10 regions in large-subunit rDNA. Distribution This species can be found in tropical and subtropical regions in Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. It is often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Silvae
''Gambierdiscus'' is a genus of marine dinoflagellates that produce ciguatoxins, a type of toxin that causes the foodborne illness known as ciguatera. They are usually epiphytic on macroalgae growing on coral reefs. Morphology ''Gambierdiscus'' cells generally have a lenticular shape with a depression on the ventral side of the cell, from where the two dissimilar flagella arise. ''Gambierdiscus'' cells have an orange to brown colour due to the assessory pigments peridinin, diadinoxanthin and dinoxanthin. Distribution The marine dinoflagellate genus ''Gambierdiscus'' occurs globally in tropic and subtropic regions. It mainly grows attached to macroalgae and coralline turfalgae. Thus, it does not form visible surface blooms like many other harmful dinoflagellate species (red tides). A decrease in coral reefs due to bleaching, pollution or overfishing usually facilitates the growth of macroalgae, which can cause spreading of this epiphytic dinoflagellate genus. Ciguatera Seve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Ruetzleri
''Gambierdiscus ruetzleri'' is a species of toxic dinoflagellates, which among others causes ciguatera fish poisoning. It is photosynthetic and epibenthic Benthos (), also known as benthon, is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the bottom of a sea, river, lake, or stream, also known as the benthic zone. References Further reading *Rhodes, L., et al. "Gambierdiscus cf. yasumotoi (Dinophyceae) isolated from New Zealand's sub-tropical northern coastal waters." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48.2 (2014): 303-310. *Nishimura, Tomohiro, et al. "Genetic diversity and distribution of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp.(Dinophyceae) in coastal areas of Japan." PLoS ONE 8.4 (2013): e60882.External links *[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Polynesiensis
''Gambierdiscus polynesiensis'' is a species of toxic (ciguatoxin- and maitotoxin-like toxicity) dinoflagellate. It is 68–85 μm long and 64–75 μm wide dorsoventrally and its surface is smooth. It is identified by a large triangular apical pore plate, a narrow fish-hook opening surrounded by 38 round pores, and a large, broad posterior intercalary plate. Its first plate occupies 60% of the width of the hypotheca Hypothec (; german: Hypothek, french: hypothèque, pl, hipoteka, from Lat. ''hypotheca'', from Gk. : hypothēkē), sometimes tacit hypothec, is a term used in civil law systems (e.g. law of entire Continental Europe except Gibraltar) or mixed .... References Further reading * * *Rossini, Gian Paolo, ed. Toxins and Biologically Active Compounds from Microalgae. Vol. 1. CRC Press, 2014. External links *AlgaeBase Gonyaulacales Species described in 1999 {{dinoflagellate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Pacificus
''Gambierdiscus pacificus'' is a species of toxic (ciguatoxin- and maitotoxin-like toxicity) dinoflagellate. It is 67–77 μm long and 60–76 μm wide dorsoventrally and its surface is smooth. It is identified by a four-sided apical pore plate surrounded by 30 round pores. Its first plate occupies 20% of the width of the hypotheca Hypothec (; german: Hypothek, french: hypothèque, pl, hipoteka, from Lat. ''hypotheca'', from Gk. : hypothēkē), sometimes tacit hypothec, is a term used in civil law systems (e.g. law of entire Continental Europe except Gibraltar) or mixed .... References Further reading *Mai Anh, Nguyen Thi. "The morphology and growth characterizations of Gambierdiscus pacificus Chinain et Faust 1999." Journal of Biology 32.3 (2012): 36-43. * External links *AlgaeBase Gonyaulacales Species described in 1999 {{dinoflagellate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Lapillus
''Gambierdiscus'' is a genus of marine dinoflagellates that produce ciguatoxins, a type of toxin that causes the foodborne illness known as ciguatera. They are usually epiphytic on macroalgae growing on coral reefs. Morphology ''Gambierdiscus'' cells generally have a lenticular shape with a depression on the ventral side of the cell, from where the two dissimilar flagella arise. ''Gambierdiscus'' cells have an orange to brown colour due to the assessory pigments peridinin, diadinoxanthin and dinoxanthin. Distribution The marine dinoflagellate genus ''Gambierdiscus'' occurs globally in tropic and subtropic regions. It mainly grows attached to macroalgae and coralline turfalgae. Thus, it does not form visible surface blooms like many other harmful dinoflagellate species (red tides). A decrease in coral reefs due to bleaching, pollution or overfishing usually facilitates the growth of macroalgae, which can cause spreading of this epiphytic dinoflagellate genus. Ciguatera Seve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Carolinianus
''Gambierdiscus carolinianus'' is a species of toxic dinoflagellate, which among others causes ciguatera fish poisoning. It is photosynthetic and epibenthic Benthos (), also known as benthon, is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the bottom of a sea, river, lake, or stream, also known as the benthic zone. References Further reading *Kibler, Steven R., et al. "Growth of eight Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species: Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance." Harmful Algae 19 (2012): 1-14. *Vandersea, Mark W., et al. "Development of semi‐quantitative pcr assays for the detection and enumeration of gambierdiscus species (gonyaulacales, dinophyceae) 1." Journal of phycology 48.4 (2012): 902-915.External links [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciguatoxin
image:ciguatoxin.svg, 300px, Chemical structure of the ciguatoxin CTX1B Ciguatoxins are a class of toxic Polycyclic compound, polycyclic polyethers found in fish that cause ciguatera. There are several different chemicals in this class. "CTX" is often used as an abbreviation. * - Ciguatoxin 1 * - Ciguatoxin 2 * - Ciguatoxin 3 * - Ciguatoxin 4B (Gambiertoxin 4b) Toxic effect on humans Ciguatoxins do not harm the fish that carry them, but they are poisonous to humans. They cannot be smelled or tasted and cannot be destroyed by cooking. Rapid testing for this toxin in food is not standard. Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening excitatory voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system. Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of heat and cold. Such poisoning from ciguatoxins is known as ciguatera. Ciguatoxins are lipophillic, able to cross the blood brain barrier, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gambierdiscus Caribaeus
''Gambierdiscus caribaeus'' is a species of toxic dinoflagellate, which among others causes ciguatera fish poisoning. It is photosynthetic and epibenthic Benthos (), also known as benthon, is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the bottom of a sea, river, lake, or stream, also known as the benthic zone. References Further reading *Jeong, Hae Jin, et al. "First report of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus caribaeus in the temperate waters off Jeju Island, Korea: Morphology and molecular characterization." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59.6 (2012): 637-650. *Litaker, R. Wayne, et al. "Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus." Toxicon 56.5 (2010): 711-730.External links [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
