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Galactogen
Galactogen is a polysaccharide of galactose that functions as energy storage in pulmonate snails and some Caenogastropoda. This polysaccharide is exclusive of the reproduction and is only found in the albumen gland from the female snail reproductive system and in the perivitelline fluid of eggs. Galactogen serves as an energy reserve for developing embryos and hatchlings, which is later replaced by glycogen in juveniles and adults. The advantage of accumulating galactogen instead of glycogen in eggs remains unclear, although some hypotheses have been proposed (see below). Occurrence and distribution Galactogen has been reported in the albumen gland of pulmonate snails such as ''Helix pomatia'', '' Limnaea stagnalis'', '' Oxychilus cellarius'', ''Achatina fulica'', '' Aplexa nitens'' and '' Otala lactea'', '' Bulimnaea megasoma'', '' Ariolimax columbianis'', ''Ariophanta'', ''Biomphalaria glabrata'', and '' Strophochelius oblongus''. This polysaccharide was also identified in the C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perivitelline Fluid
The perivitelline fluid is an extracellular fluid found in the eggs of most gastropods and constitutes the main source of nutrition and defense for their embryos. It replaces the egg yolk of other animals, which in snail eggs is reduced to non-nutritive proteinaceous granules with putative enzymatic function. During embryonic development the perivitelline fluid is ingested macropinocytotically by the embryos and the resulting phagosomes fuse with β-granules containing hydrolytic enzymes, which digest the perivitelline fluid components. Origin The perivitelline fluid is synthesized by the albumen gland of female snails (also known as albumen gland-capsule gland complex or uterine gland), an accessory gland from the reproductive tract. Fertilized oocytes enter the albumen gland and, on their way out, are coated with the perivitelline fluid. The amount of perivitelline fluid per egg vary considerably among species. However, the amount of perivitelline fluid per egg is constant wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides (), or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. This carbohydrate can react with water (hydrolysis) using amylase enzymes as catalyst, which produces constituent sugars (monosaccharides, or oligosaccharides). They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen and galactogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water. When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan, but when more t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perivitellins
Perivitellins are egg proteins found in the perivitelline fluid of many gastropods. They are multifunctional complexes providing the developing embryo with nutrition, protection from the environment, and defense against predators. Despite the central role perivitellins play in reproduction and development, there is little information about their role in gastropod Molluscs. Most studies of perivitellins have been performed in eggs of Ampullaridae, a family of freshwater snails (Caenogastropoda), notably the ''Pomacea'' genus, mostly those of ''Pomacea canaliculata'', ''Pomacea scalaris'' and ''Pomacea maculata''. Synthesis Perivitellins are almost exclusively synthesized in the albumen gland (also known as albumen gland-capsule gland complex or uterine gland), an accessory gland from the female reproductive system of gastropods. This has been experimentally confirmed for the perivitellins ovorubin (PcOvo) and PcPV2, which were only found in the albumen gland with no extra-gland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pila Virens
Pila may refer to: Architecture * Pila (architecture), a type of veranda in Sri Lankan farm houses Places *Pila, Buenos Aires, a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina *Pila Partido, a country subdivision in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina * Pila, Croatia, a village in Zagorje, Croatia * Pila (Karlovy Vary District), a village in the Czech Republic * Pila, Aosta Valley, a ski resort in Italy * Pila, Piedmont, a municipality in Italy *Pila, a Barangay in San Pascual, Batangas, Philippines *Pila, Laguna, a municipality in the Philippines * Piła (other), various towns in Poland * Píla (other), several villages in Slovakia Latin *''Pila'', a flat type of tile, used in Pilae stacks *''Pila'', the plural of pilum The ''pilum'' (; plural ''pila'') was a javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally about long overall, consisting of an iron shank about in diameter and long with a pyramidal head, attached to a wooden shaft ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arianta
''Arianta'' is a medium-sized genus of European land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicidae. Species of snails within this genus make and use calcareous love darts. Species Species within the genus ''Arianta'' include: * '' Arianta aethyops'' (Bielz, 1851) * '' Arianta arbustorum'' (Linnaeus, 1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...) * '' Arianta chamaeleon'' ( Pfeiffer, 1868) * '' Arianta frangepanii'' (Kormos, 1906) * '' Arianta hessei'' (M. Kimakowicz, 1883) * '' Arianta picea'' (Rossmässler, 1837) * '' Arianta schmidtii'' (Rossmässler, 1836) * '' Arianta stenzii'' (Rossmässler, 1835) * '' Arianta xatartii'' (Farines, 1834) References * Groenenberg D.S.J., Subai P. & Gittenberger E. (2016). Systematics of Ariantinae (Gastr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helix (gastropod)
''Helix'' is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails native to Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are the type genus of the family Helicidae, and are among the first animal genera described by Carl Linnaeus.Rosenberg, G.; Bouchet, P. (2014). ''Helix'' Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153970 on 2015-02-24 Members of the genus first appeared during the Oligocene. Like most land snails, ''Helix'' species are hermaphroditic, and like other helicids, a courting pair will impale each other with hormone-rich love darts prior to exchanging sperm. Well-known species include ''Helix pomatia'' (Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail) and '' Helix lucorum'' (Turkish snail). ''Cornu aspersum'' (garden snail) – another well-known helicid – was originally described as a member of ''Helix'' (as "''Helix aspersa''"), but the prevailing classification places it as the sole member of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families'. Malacologia, 61(1-2): 1-526. of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles (Dayrat & Tillier). Several families in this group contain species of snails and slugs that create love darts. Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day. Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. (1996). ''Základy zoopaleontologie''. Olomouc, 264 pp., . 2005 taxonomy According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on ev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biomphalaria
''Biomphalaria'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Planorbidae, the sheep, ram's horn snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Biomphalaria Preston, 1910. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=718742 on 2018-02-13 ''Biomphalaria'' is the type genus of the tribe Biomphalariini. ''Taphius'' is a synonym for ''Biomphalaria''. The shell of this species, like all planorbids is sinistral in coiling, but is carried upside down and thus appears to be dextral. Species As of 2008 there were recognized 34 extant species in the genus ''Biomphalaria'' in total (22 American species and 12 Old World species). There were also described number of fossil ''Biomphalaria'' species. American species include: # ''Biomphalaria amazonica'' Paraense, 1966 # ''Biomphalaria andecola'' (d'Orbigny, 1835) # ''Biomphalaria cousini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymnaea
''Lymnaea'' is a genus of small to large-sized air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Lymnaeinae ( of the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails.Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2013). Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160345 on 2013-06-06 Some species are used in aquaculture under the name Melantho snails. Numerous ''Lymnaea'' species serve as intermediate hosts for trematodes. ''Lymnaea'' is the type genus of the family Lymnaeidae. Species Species within the genus ''Lymnaea'' include: * † ''Lymnaea acuminata'' Brongniart, 1810 * † '' Lymnaea acuta'' Repelin, 1902 * † ''Lymnaea aequalis'' Serres, 1818 * † '' Lymnaea alamosensis'' Arnold, 1908 * † ''Lymnaea antiqua'' Brongniart, 1810 * † ''Lymnaea aptensis'' Matheron, 1861 * † '' Lymnaea ativuncula'' White, 1886 * † '' Lymnaea bertschingeri'' Maillard, 1892 * † ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" was used. Basommatophora are known from the Carboniferous to the Recent periods.(in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R.: ''Základy zoopaleontologie''. - Olomouc, 1996. 264 pp., . Most of the families in this suborder are air-breathing freshwater snails. The three most abundant families in terms of number of species are, the Lymnaeidae (pond snails), the Planorbidae (ramshorn snails) and the Physidae (pouch or bubble snails). These are found in ponds, creeks, ditches, and shallow lakes nearly worldwide. The Siphonariidae on the ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymer
A polymer (; Greek '' poly-'', "many" + ''-mer'', "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produces unique physical properties including toughness, high elasticity, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form amorphous and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals. The term "polymer" derives from the Greek word πολύς (''polus'', meaning "many, much") and μέρος (''meros'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastropoda
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. There are many thousands of species of sea snails and slugs, as well as freshwater snails, freshwater limpets, and land snails and slugs. The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species, second only to the insects in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes back to the Late Cambrian. , 721 families of gastropods are known, of which 245 are extinct and appear only in the fossil record, while 476 are currently extant with or without a fossil record. Gastropoda (previously known as univalves and sometimes spelled "Gasteropoda") are a major part of the phylum Mollusca, and are the most highly diversified class in the phylum, with 65,000 to 80,000 living snail and slug species. The anatomy, behavior, feeding, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
