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Gugiuman
The gugiuman is a type of high-crowned cap that was worn by Hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia and highest ranked boyars of both principalities into the first half of the nineteenth century. Gugiumans were made of sable fur and were exclusively reserved for the two aforementioned groups of nobles. The color of the felt atop of the hat (white for the Prince and red for Great Boyars) indicated the wearer's social status. Following the adoption of the Regulamentul Organic in the early 1830s, ruling princes adopted new, Russian-inspired military uniforms but retained the use of the white-topped gugiuman. See also * Işlic * Kalpak Calpack, kalpak, or qalpaq ( kaa, калпак, tr, kalpak ; kk, қалпақ, ky, калпак, both ; bg, калпак; el, καλπάκι ('); pl, kołpak; uk, ковпак, ') is a high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepski ... References Caps Romanian clothing Greek clothing Clothing of the Ottoman Empire {{Romania-stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Işlic
The işlic or ''ishlik'' is a form of high-crowned cap that was commonly worn by the Greek Orthodox boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia, Phanariots, and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire into the mid-nineteenth century. Along with the oriental costume that exemplified the fashion and strict social hierarchy of the boyar class, the işlic fell out of favor by the 1840s. History The origins of the işlic date to the late Byzantine Empire. The depiction of Theodore Metochites in the 14th century dedication mosaic of the Chora Church may portray an ishlik. was an important part of the costume of Wallachian and Moldavian boyars, as the size, shape, and type of felt from which an işlic was made indicated one's rank in the social hierarchy of the Ottoman Danubian Principalities. For example, boyars of the highest rank (Great Boyars) wore large işlics made of sable felt. Boyars of lower ranks wore smaller işlics of less expensive felt, sometimes topped with large square cushions. The işlic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grigore Dimitrie Ghica IV
Grigore, the equivalent of Gregory, is a Romanian-language first name. It may refer to: *Grigore Alexandrescu (1810–1885), Romanian poet and translator *Grigore Antipa (1866–1944), Romanian Darwinist biologist, ichthyologist, ecologist, oceanologist *Grigore Băjenaru (1907–1986), Romanian writer *Grigore Bălan (1896–1944), Romanian Brigadier General during World War II *Grigore Vasiliu Birlic (1905–1970), Romanian actor *Grigore Brișcu (1984–1965), Romanian engineer and inventor *Grigore Cobălcescu (1831–1892), founder of Romanian geology and paleontology *Grigore Constantinescu (1875–1932), priest and journalist from Romania * Grigore Cugler (1903–1972), Romanian avant-garde short story writer, poet, and humorist *Grigore Eremei (b. 1935), Moldovan politician, final First secretary of the Communist Party of Moldavia *Grigore Gafencu (1892–1957), Romanian politician, diplomat and journalist *Grigore Alexandru Ghica (1803 or 1807–1857), Prince of Moldavia *G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hospodar
Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning "lord" or "master". Etymology and Slavic usage In the Slavonic language, ''hospodar'' is usually applied to the master/owner of a house or other properties and also the head of a family. The hospodar's house is called '' hospóda''. There is also an alternative form for the head of the household - ''gazda'', which is also common in Hungary. ''Hospod'' is used exclusively when referring to the Lord and has only a slight relation to hospodar. The pronunciation ''hospodar'' of a word written as ''господар'' in many Slavonic languages, which retains the Cyrillic script, could be due to the influence of either Ukrainian, where the first letter is pronounced as or that of the Church Slavonic, where it is pronounced as The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. In 1394-95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria referred to himself not as a Tsar (as traditionally), but as a ''gospodin'' of Tar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (; ro, Țara Românească, lit=The Romanian Land' or 'The Romanian Country, ; archaic: ', Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). Dobruja could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and Dobruja#Wallachian rule, brief rule over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections. Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I of Wallachia, Basarab I after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary, although the first mention of the territory of Wallachia west of the river Olt River, Olt dates to a charter given to the voivode Seneslau in 1246 by Béla IV of Hungary. In 1417, Wallachia was fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moldavia
Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia () as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertsa. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine. Name and etymology The original and short-lived reference to the region was ''Bogdania'', after Bogdan I, the fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boyars Of Wallachia And Moldavia
The boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia were the nobility of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The title was either inherited or granted by the Hospodar, often together with an administrative function.Djuvara, p.131 The boyars held much of the political power in the principalities and, until the Phanariote era, they elected the Hospodar. As such, until the 19th century, the system oscillated between an oligarchy and an autocracy with the power concentrated in the hospodar's hands.Djuvara, p.135 Origins During the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in autonomous communities called obște which mixed private and common ownership, employing an open field system. The private ownership of land gained ground In the 14th and 15th centuries, leading to differences within the obște towards a stratification of the members of the community.Costăchel et al., p. 111 The name of the "boyars" (''boier'' in Romanian; the institution being called ''boierie'') was patented from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sable
The sable (''Martes zibellina'') is a species of marten, a small omnivorous mammal primarily inhabiting the forest environments of Russia, from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia, and northern Mongolia. Its habitat also borders eastern Kazakhstan, China, North Korea and Hokkaido, Japan. Etymology The name ''sable'' appears to be of Slavic origin and entered most Western European languages via the early medieval fur trade. Thus the Russian () and Polish became the German , Dutch ; the French , Spanish , Finnish , Portuguese and Medieval Latin derive from the Italian form (). The English and Medieval Latin word comes from the Old French or . The term has become a generic description for some black-furred animal breeds, such as sable cats or rabbits, and for the colour black in heraldry. Description Males measure in body length, with a tail measuring , and weigh . Females have a body length of , with a tail length of .''Walker's mammals of the world'', Volume 1, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regulamentul Organic
''Regulamentul Organic'' (, Organic Regulation; french: Règlement Organique; russian: Органический регламент, Organichesky reglament)The name also has plural versions in all languages concerned, referring to the dual nature of the document; however, the singular version is usually preferred. The text was originally written in French, submitted to the approval of the State Council of Imperial Russia in Saint Petersburg, and then subject to debates in the Assemblies in Bucharest and Iași; the Romanian translation followed the adoption of the Regulamentul in its French-language version. (Djuvara, p. 323).Giurescu, p. 123.It is probable that the title was chosen over designation as "Constitution(s)" in order to avoid the revolutionary meaning implied by the latter (Hitchins, p. 203). was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1831–1832 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities that were to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalpak
Calpack, kalpak, or qalpaq ( kaa, калпак, tr, kalpak ; kk, қалпақ, ky, калпак, both ; bg, калпак; el, καλπάκι ('); pl, kołpak; uk, ковпак, ') is a high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by Circassians, Dagestanis, Chechens, men in Turkey, Ukraine, the Balkans and throughout Central Asia and the Caucasus. The kalpak is used to keep the head warm in winter and shade out the sun during summer. There are different kalpaks for different seasons, with kalpaks used in winter being thicker and the ones used in summer being thinner but broader for shading purposes. There are many styles of kalpak. They usually can be folded flat for keeping or carrying when not being worn. The brim can be turned up all the way around. Sometimes there is a cut in the brim so that a two-pointed peak can be formed. Plain white ones are often reserved for festivals and special occasions. Those intended for everyday use may have a black velvet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caps
Caps are flat headgear. Caps or CAPS may also refer to: Science and technology Computing * CESG Assisted Products Service, provided by the U.K. Government Communications Headquarters * Composite Application Platform Suite, by Java Caps, a Java framework * Computer Animation Production System, a film animation post-production system developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation and Pixar Biology, medicine and psychology Genetics * Calcyphosin, the CAPS gene and its protein * Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, markers used to detect a polymorphic sequence Medical conditions * Auditory processing disorder (APD), formerly Central Auditory Processing Syndrome * Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome * Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, a spectrum of autoinflammatory syndrome Other uses in biology, medicine and psychology * CAPS (buffer), N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, in biochemistry, a buffering agent * Cognitive-affective personality system, a model within p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Clothing
Romanian dress refers to the traditional clothing worn by Romanians, who live primarily in Romania and Moldova, with smaller communities in Ukraine and Serbia. Today, the vast majority of Romanians wear modern style dress on most occasions, and the garments described here largely fell out of use during the 20th century. However, they can still be seen in more remote areas, on special occasions, and at ethnographic and folk events. Each historical region has its own specific variety of costume. Ethnographic regions Romanian traditional clothing can be classified according to seven traditional regions. These can be further subdivided by ethnographic zones, which may range between 40 and 120, depending on the criteria used. The seven main regions are: * Transylvania or Ardeal * The western plains: Lower Mureș Plain, Criș Plain (Crișul Negru, Crișul Alb, Crișul Repede), Lower Someș Plain (Oaș Country) * Banat, including Timiș Meadow and Caraș-Severin * Wallachia, includi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Clothing
Clothing in ancient Greece primarily consisted of the chiton, peplos, himation, and chlamys. Ancient Greek civilians typically wore two pieces of clothing draped about the body: an undergarment ( : chitōn or : péplos) and a cloak ( : himátion or : chlamýs). Ancient Greek clothing was mainly based on necessity, function, materials, and protection rather than identity. Thus, clothes were quite simple, draped, loose-fitting and free-flowing. Customarily, clothing was homemade and cut to various lengths of rectangular linen or wool fabric with minimal cutting or sewing, and secured with ornamental clasps or pins, and a belt, or girdle (: zōnē). Pieces were generally interchangeable between men and women.Adkins, Lesley, and Roy Adkins. ''Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece.'' New York: Facts On File, 1997. Print. However, women usually wore their robes to their ankles while men generally wore theirs to their knees depending on the occasion and circumstance. While no clothes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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