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Grodziec Castle
Grodziec Castle (German: Gröditzburg or Gröditzberg) has a history dating back to 1155 and is located in the Silesia region of Poland. History The first confirmed reference of Grodziec comes from Pope Adrian IV's bull of April 23, 1155. In 1175, Prince Bolesław I the Tall drew up a privilege for Cistercians from Lubiąż at the castle. In the time of his heir, Henryk I the Bearded, the wooden terrestrial castle was replaced by the building of a brick one. The foundation of the castle church is attributed to Saint Hedwig. In the 14th and partially in the 15th centuries the castle was the property of the knightly family of Busewoy. In the period of the Hussite Wars, the building was captured and plundered by a Hussite detachment. In 1470, the Prince of Legnica, Friedrich I repurchased it. Master bricklayers brought from Wrocław and Görlitz gave the establishment its present-day spatial structure. After the Prince's death by the order of his son, Friedrich II, work on the castl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mury Zamkowe (07
''Mury'' (The Walls) was a clandestine Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego, Girl Scouts group organized by young Polish women who were political prisoners in the concentration camp in Ravensbrück. The group, led by Scout Group Leader Józefa Kantor, was established on 30 November 1941. At first, ''Mury'' consisted of a small number of patriotic Girl Scouts. Then, later on, it grew to five units with about 100 young women. Their main activities included organizing food and medical supplies for the sick fellow prisoners, moral, psychological and religious support for the group members and other women in the concentration camp. The members of the group held regular meetings in various blocks in the concentration camp, where they received not only new tasks and daily instructions from the group leaders, but also acquired Scouting knowledge and high school education from fellow prisoners who had been experienced academic teachers (and subsequently incarcerated in the concentration camp as po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500 to AD 1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early ..., lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War. Until the 20th century, historians generally viewed it as a continuation of the religious struggle initiated by the 16th-century Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire. The 1555 Peace of Augsburg atte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Castles In Poland
Below is the list of castles in Poland in alphabetical order, based on similar lists compiled by various sight-seeing societies. ZAMKI. Spis miejscowości z opisanymi zamkami i fortalicjami. 2014. 
B * Babice () |
Sword Fighting
Swordsmanship or sword fighting refers to the skills and techniques used in combat and training with any type of sword. The term is modern, and as such was mainly used to refer to smallsword fencing, but by extension it can also be applied to any martial art involving the use of a sword. The formation of the English word "swordsman" is parallel to the Latin word ''gladiator'', a term for the professional fighters who fought against each other and a variety of other foes for the entertainment of spectators in the Roman Empire. The word ''gladiator'' itself comes from the Latin word ''gladius'', which is a type of sword. European swordsmanship Classical history The Roman legionaries and other forces of the Roman military, until the 2nd century A.D., used the gladius as a short thrusting sword effectively with the ''scutum'', a type of shield, in battle. According to Vegetius the Romans mainly used underhanded stabs and thrusts because one thrust into the gut would kill an enem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jousting
Jousting is a martial game or hastilude between two horse riders wielding lances with blunted tips, often as part of a tournament (medieval), tournament. The primary aim was to replicate a clash of heavy cavalry, with each participant trying to strike the opponent while riding towards him at high speed, breaking the lance on the opponent's shield or jousting armour if possible, or unhorsing him. The joust became an iconic characteristic of the knight (stock character), knight in Romantic medievalism. The participants experience close to three and a quarter times their body weight in G-forces when the lances collide with their armour. The term is derived from Old French , ultimately from Latin "to approach, to meet". The word was loaned into Middle English around 1300, when jousting was a very popular sport among the Anglo-Normans, Anglo-Norman knighthood. The synonym tilt (as in tilting at windmills) dates . Jousting is based on the military use of the lance by heavy cavalry. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Tournament
A tournament, or tourney (from Old French ''torneiement'', ''tornei''), was a chivalrous competition or mock fight in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (12th to 16th centuries), and is one type of hastilude. Tournaments included melee and hand-to-hand combat (weapons were often blunted to prevent serious injury), contests of strength or accuracy, and sometimes jousts. Some thought that the tournaments were a threat to public order. The shows were often held because of coronations, marriages of notable figures, births, recent conquests, peace treatises, etc. They were held to welcome of people of perceived high worth, ambassadors, lords, and so on. Finally, some tournaments were held simply for pure entertainment. Such tournaments were depicted throughout the ''Codex Manesse''. Etymology Old French was in use in the 12th century, from a verb , ultimately Latin "to turn". The same word also gave rise to the Italian (modern English ''tourney'', modern French ). The French term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herbert Von Dirksen
Eduard Willy Kurt Herbert von Dirksen (2 April 1882 – 19 December 1955) was a German diplomat (and from 1936 when he joined the party, specifically a Nazi diplomat) who was the last German ambassador to Britain before World War II. Early life Dirksen was born into a recently-ennobled familySnyder, Louis, ''Encyclopedia of the Third Reich'', New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976 page 68. whose members been Prussian civil servants for generations. His father, Willibald, was ennobled by Emperor Wilhelm I in 1887 and was granted a large estate together with Gröditzberg Castle (now Grodziec Castle) in Silesia as a reward for his services to the House of Hohenzollern.Schorske, Carl "Two German Ambassadors: Dirksen and Schulenburg" pages 477–511 from ''The Diplomats 1919–1939'' edited by Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1953 page 478. Willibald was a conservative nationalist who, after his retirement, held a seat in the '' Reichstag'' for the anti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William II, German Emperor
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (german: Kaiser) and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empire's position as a great power by building a powerful navy, his tactless public statements and erratic foreign policy greatly antagonized the international community and are considered by many to be one of the underlying causes of World War I. When the German war effort collapsed after a series of crushing defeats on the Western Front in 1918, he was forced to abdicate, thereby marking the end of the German Empire and the House of Hohenzollern's 300-year reign in Prussia and 500-year reign in Brandenburg. Wilhelm II was the son of Prince Frederick William of Prussia and Victoria, German Empress Consort. His father was the son of Wilhelm I, German Emperor, and his mother was the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodo Ebhardt
Bodo Heinrich Justus Ebhardt (5 January 1865, Bremen – 13 February 1945 at Marksburg near Braubach) was a German architect, architectural historian, castle explorer, and founder and longtime president of the German Castles Association (''Deutsche Burgenvereinigung''). Life Ebhardt was the son of Bremen furniture manufacturer and businessman Carl Ebhardt and his wife Agnes (Krollmann) Ebhardt. He attended school in Sankt Goarshausen, where he became fascinated by castles. After graduation he was a commercial apprentice in Magdeburg and Bremen from 1880, but soon gave up this job against the wishes of his parents to self-educate and attended lectures in Berlin. In 1890 he opened his own architectural studio in Berlin. As a castle researcher and restorer, he won the friendship of Kaiser Wilhelm II. He became noted for the reconstruction of numerous castles. In 1899 he founded the German Castles Association and from 1909 he lived on the Marksburg in Braubach. Ebhardt was a profes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812). Napoleon, upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799, had inherited a republic in chaos; he subsequently created a state with stable financ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Pless
The Duchy of Pless (or the ''Duchy of Pszczyna'',Julian Janczakof Pszczyna" (in) Zarys dziejów kartografii śląskiej do końca XVIII wieku''(An outline for the History of Cartography till the End of the 18th century)'', Opole: 1976, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw: Institute of History of Science, Education and Technology, 1993, . This contains sections in several European languages, including ; Accessed 2008-13-01. ^ Tadeusz WalichnowskiTerritorial Provenance of Archival Documents in International Relations(''Przynaleznosc terytorialna archiwaliow Panstwa Polskiego w stosunkach miedzynarodowych''), Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, 1977. Polish State Archives. ^''Nagel's Encyclopedia Guide, Poland'' by Nagel Publishers, 1989, 399 pages, . Accessed 2008-13-01. german: Herzogtum Pleß, pl, Księstwo Pszczyńskie) was a Duchy of Silesia, with its capital at Pless (present-day Pszczyna, Poland). History After the fragmentation of the Polish kingdom upon the 1138 Testamen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fraumünster
The Fraumünster (; lit. in en, Women's Minster, but often wrongly translated to urLady Minster) is a church in Zürich which was built on the remains of a former abbey for aristocratic women which was founded in 853 by Louis the German for his daughter Hildegard. He endowed the Benedictine convent with the lands of Zürich, Uri, and the Albis forest, and granted the convent immunity, placing it under his direct authority. Today, it belongs to the Evangelical Reformed Church of the canton of Zürich and is one of the four main churches of Zürich, the others being the Grossmünster, Prediger and St. Peter's churches. History In 1045, King Henry III granted the convent the right to hold markets, collect tolls, and mint coins, and thus effectively made the abbess the ruler of the city. Emperor Frederick II granted the abbey ''Reichsunmittelbarkeit'' in 1218, thus making it territorially independent of all authority save that of the Emperor himself, and increasing the pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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