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Glinciszki Massacre
The Glinciszki massacre or the Glitiškės massacre (; ) was a mass murder of Polish civilians by the German-subordinated 258th Lithuanian Police Battalion, committed on 20 June 1944 in the Glitiškės village (; in interwar Second Polish Republic, war-time Generalbezirk Litauen, post-war Lithuanian SSR, now Lithuania) during World War II. In the massacre 39 civilians were murdered including 11 women (one in advanced stage of pregnancy), 11 children, and 6 elderly men. They were executed as a collective punishment for the death of four Lithuanian auxiliary policemen the previous evening. In revenge, the Home Army ( pl, Armia Krajowa, links=no, abbreviated AK) brigade of Zygmunt Szendzielarz killed at least 68 Lithuanian civilians, three-quarters of which were women and children, by the end of June 1944 in Dubingiai and its surroundings as part of the Dubingiai massacre. Prelude Before the war the village of Glinciszki consisted of a large estate, the centre of which was the man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established on 6 November 1918, before the end of the First World War. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Invasion of Poland, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of World War II, European theatre of the Second World War. In 1938, the Second Republic was the sixth largest country in Europe. According to the Polish census of 1921, 1921 census, the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million. Almost a third of the population came from minority groups: 13.9% Ruthenians; 10% Ashkenazi Jews; 3.1% Belarusians; 2.3% Germans and 3.4% Czechs and Lithuanians. At the same time, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithuanian Liberation Army
The Lithuanian Liberation Army (sometimes also named as Lithuanian Freedom Army) ( lt, Lietuvos laisvės armija or LLA) was a Lithuanian underground organization established by Kazys Veverskis (codename Senis), a student at Vilnius University, on December 13, 1941. Its goal were to re-establish independent Lithuania via political and military means. During the Nazi Germany occupation it opposed German policies, but did not begin armed resistance. The armed struggle began in mid-1944 when Red Army reached the Lithuanian borders after the Minsk Offensive. The LLA became the first wave of the Lithuanian partisans, armed anti-Soviet guerrilla fighters. It attempted to become the central command of the armed struggle. However, the organization was liquidated by the Soviet security forces (NKVD and KGB) by April 1946. The remnants of the organization were absorbed by other partisans. The guerrilla war continued until 1953. Organization and German occupation The LLA distanced itself fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade
The Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade (also known as the ''Brigade of Death'') was a unit of the Polish anti-Nazi resistance organization Home Army, active in the Vilnius Region during World War II. The main commander of the brigade was major Zygmunt Szendzielarz, nom de guerre "''Łupaszko''". During the German occupation of Poland the brigade found itself in particularly difficult circumstances as it faced off against three different foes; the German Nazis, Lithuanian units which were collaborating with them, as well as Soviet partisans Soviet partisans were members of resistance movements that fought a guerrilla war against Axis forces during World War II in the Soviet Union, the previously Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland in 1941–45 and eastern Finland. The ... who generally fought against Home Army units in the region, especially after 1943. In July 1944, the brigade numbered around 500 partisans. References External links The Home Army 5th and 6th Wilno Br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petras Polekauskas
Petras Polekauskas (19 April or 9 May 1909 – 12 April 1965) was a Lithuanian officer of the Lithuanian Army, the Red Army's 29th Rifle Corps and then the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions formed by Nazi Germany. He is notable for ordering the Glinciszki massacre of 39 Polish civilians in June 1944. Initially in the post-war, Polekauskas was a refugee in West Germany due to the Soviet re-occupation of Lithuania in 1944–1945. In the 1950s, he emigrated to the United States, where he settled down, created a family and owned a local business in Hartford, Connecticut. Polekauskas killed himself in 1965. Early life and career Polekauskas was born in 1909, either on April 19 or May 9. His obituary states that he was born in Marijampolė, although another source gives his birthplace as Vilkaviškis. He studied at the and Kaunas Jesuit Gymnasium. On 27 August 1931, Polekauskas graduated from the Marijampolė Gymnasium. On 15 September 1933, Polekauskas graduated from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mokslo Ir Enciklopedijų Leidybos Centras
The Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre (previously: ''Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute'', lt, Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras or MELC) is a Lithuanian publishing house that specializes in encyclopedias, reference works, and dictionaries. The Institute, headquartered in Vilnius, is supported by the Lithuanian Republic's Ministry of Education and Science. The publishing house was established in 1997, as a reorganisation of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishers. The latter publishing house was founded in 1992 after the merger of Mokslas Publishing with the State Encyclopaedia Publishers. Its major project is the preparation and publication of the 25-volume ''Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija'' which was completed in 2015. It also publishes several specialized encyclopedias, standard and specialized dictionaries, reference books, research monographs focusing on social science, natural science, and technology, scientific works by international author ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Visuotinė Lietuvių Enciklopedija
The ''Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija'' or VLE (translation ''Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia'') is a 25-volume universal Lithuanian-language encyclopedia published by the Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute from 2001 to 2014. VLE is the first published universal encyclopedia in independent Lithuania (it replaces the former ''Lietuviškoji Tarybinė Enciklopedija'' which was published in thirteen volumes from 1976 to 1985). The last volume, XXV, was published in July 2014. An additional volume of updates, error corrections, and indexes was published in 2015. The encyclopedia's twenty-five volumes contain nearly 122,000 articles and about 25,000 illustrations. Since 2017 June the VLE is published as an online encyclopedia being updated to present day. Description VLE is an encyclopedia published in Lithuanian, therefore it focuses on Lithuania, Lithuanians and Lithuanian topics (Lithuanian personalities, organizations, language, culture, national activities). Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichskommissariat Ostland
The Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) was established by Nazi Germany in 1941 during World War II. It became the civilian occupation regime in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the western part of Byelorussian SSR. German planning documents initially referred to an equivalent ''Reichskommissariat Baltenland''. The political organization for this territory – after an initial period of military administration before its establishment – involved a German civilian administration, nominally under the authority of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories led by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg, but actually controlled by the Nazi official Hinrich Lohse, its appointed ''Reichskommissar''. Germany's main political objectives for the ''Reichskommissariat'', as laid out by the Ministry within the framework of Nazism's policies for the east established by Adolf Hitler, included the genocide of the Jewish population, as well as the ''Lebensraum'' settlement of ethnic Germa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glitiškės Manor
Glitiškės Manor a former residential manor in Glitiškės village, Vilnius District Municipality, Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania .... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Glitiskes Manor Manor houses in Lithuania ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paberžė
Paberžė ( Lithuanian for ''near the birch (forest)'') is a village in Vilnius District Municipality, Lithuania, it is located only about north of Vilnius city municipality. According to the 2011 census, it had population of 919. History The territory of Paberžė was inhabited from the early Middle Ages. In the vicinity of the village, there are archaeological sites Pilata and Pilaškučiai. Paberžė itself is an old settlement, first mentioned in historical records in 1484 when the first church was built. In 1503, Paberžė parish was established. In 1517, Grand Duke Sigismund I the Old granted the privilege of establishing a tavern in Paberžė, profit of this establishment was used to support the local church. In the 16th century, the village was known as Beržai (Lithuanian for ''birch trees''). In 1613, the village was marked on a famous map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — ''Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae, et Regionum Adiacentium exacta Descriptio'' printed in Amst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dubingiai Massacre
The Dubingiai massacre was a mass murder of 20–27 Lithuanian civilians in the town of Dubingiai (Dubinki) on 23 June 1944. The massacre was carried out by the 5th Brigade of Armia Krajowa (AK), a Polish resistance group, in reprisal for the Glinciszki (Glitiškės) massacre of Polish civilians committed by the Nazi-subordinated Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalion on 20 June 1944. The Dubingiai massacre started a wider AK operation in which units beyond the 5th Brigade were involved. In total, 70–100 Lithuanians were killed by the end of June 1944 in Dubingiai and the neighbouring villages of Joniškis, Inturkė, Bijutiškis, and Giedraičiai. While Nazi collaborators were ostensibly the prime targets, the victims also included the elderly, children, including infants of 4 and 11 months. Further conflicts between Lithuanian and Polish units were prevented by the Soviet capture of Vilnius in mid-July. Background The Lithuanian–Polish relations during the interbellum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zygmunt Szendzielarz
Zygmunt Szendzielarz (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), nom de guerre "Łupaszka". He fought against the Red Army after the end of the Second World War. Following the Soviet takeover of Poland at the end of World War II he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes and executed in the Mokotów Prison as one of the anti-communist cursed soldiers. After the fall of communism, in 1993, Szendzielarz was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Szendzielarz with the order of Polonia Restituta. His involvement in the Dubingiai massacre of 1944, however, remains controversial. Life Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
