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Genetic Codes
While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The translation table list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI. Four novel alternative genetic codes were discovered in bacterial genomes by Shulgina and Eddy using their codon assignment software Codetta, and validated by analysis of tRNA anticodons and identity elements; these codes are not currently adopted at NCBI, but are numbered here 34-37, and specified in the table below. # The standard code # The vertebrate mitochondrial code # The yeast mitochondrial code # The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code # The invertebrate mitochondrial code # The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code # The deleted kinetoplast code; ''cf'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Code
Genetic code is a set of rules used by living cell (biology), cells to Translation (biology), translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries. The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein biosynthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the Codon tables, RNA codon table). That scheme is often called the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply ''the'' genetic code, though #Variations, variant codes (suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scenedesmus Obliquus Mitochondrial Code
The ''Scenedesmus obliquus'' mitochondrial code (translation table 22) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of '' Scenedesmus obliquus'', a species of green algae. Code Differences from the standard code Systematic range and comments * '' Scenedesmus obliquus'' See also * List of genetic codes While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well ... References Molecular genetics Gene expression Protein biosynthesis {{Genetics-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peptacetobacter Code
''Peptacetobacter'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Peptostreptococcaceae. See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera This article lists the genera of the bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, ... References Bacteria genera Taxa described in 2020 Peptostreptococcaceae {{Clostridia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterosoma Genetic Code
The Enterosoma genetic code (tentative code number 34) translates AGG to methionine, as determined by the codon assignment software Codetta; it was further shown that this recoding is associated with a special tRNA with the appropriate anticodon and tRNA identity elements. The code is found in a small clade of species within the Enterosoma genus, according to the GTDB taxonomy system release 220. Codetta called the Enterosoma code for the following genome assemblies: GCA_002431755.1, GCA_002439645.1, GCA_002436825.1, GCA_002451385.1, GCA_002297105.1, GCA_002297045.1, GCA_002404995.1, and GCA_900549915.1. See also * Genetic codes: list of alternative codons * List of genetic codes While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well ... References Gene expression Protein biosyn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephalodiscidae Mitochondrial Code
The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code (translation table 33) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Cephalodiscidae (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the major clades of deuterostomes. Code 33 is very similar to the mitochondrial code 24 for the Pterobranchia, which also belong to the Hemichordata, except that it uses UAA for tyrosine rather than as a stop codon. This code shares with many other mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to tryptophan, and AGG and AGA to an amino acid other than arginine. However, the assignment of AGG to lysine in pterobranchian mitogenomes is not found elsewhere in deuterostome mitochondria but it occurs in some taxa of Arthropoda. The code : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYY*CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSSKVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = ---M-------*-------M---------------M---------------M------------ : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balanophoraceae Plastid Code
The Balanophoraceae are a subtropical to tropical family of obligate parasitic flowering plants, notable for their unusual development and formerly obscure affinities. In the broadest circumscription, the family consists of 16 genera. Alternatively, three genera may be split off into the segregate family Mystropetalaceae. The plants are normally found growing on tree roots in moist inland forests and have an above ground inflorescence with the overall appearance of a fungus, composed of numerous minute flowers. The inflorescences develop inside the tuberous underground part of the plant, before rupturing it and surfacing. The plants are monoecious or dioecious, and the fruits are indehiscent drupes or nuts. The underground portion, which attaches itself to the host, looks like a tuber, and is not a proper root system. The plants contain no chlorophyll. ''Balanophora'' means "bearing an acorn" (from the shape of the female inflorescence). Taxonomy In the classification system of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blastocrithidia Nuclear Code
The ''Blastocrithidia'' nuclear code (translation table 31) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the trypanosomatid genus '' Blastocrithidia''. This code, along with translation tables 27 and 28, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. The code (31) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYEECCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = ----------**-----------------------M---------------------------- : Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG : Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG : Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U). Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peritrich Nuclear Code
The peritrich nuclear code (translation table 30) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the peritrich ciliates '' Vorticella'' and ''Opisthonecta''. The code (30) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYEECC*WLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = --------------*--------------------M---------------------------- : Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG : Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG : Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U). Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an Amine, α-amino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesodinium Nuclear Code
The ''Mesodinium'' nuclear code (translation table 29) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the ciliates ''Mesodinium'' and '' Myrionecta''. The code (29) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYYYCC*WLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = --------------*--------------------M---------------------------- : Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG : Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG : Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U). Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threoni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condylostoma Nuclear Code
The ''Condylostoma'' nuclear code (translation table 28) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate '' Condylostoma magnum''. This code, along with translation tables 27 and 31, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. Experimental evidence suggests that translation termination relies on context, specifically proximity to the poly(A) tail. Near such a tail, PABP could help terminate the protein by recruiting eRF1 and eRF3 to prevent the cognate tRNA from binding. The code (28) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYQQCCWWLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = ----------**--*--------------------M---------------------------- : Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG : Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG : Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karyorelict Nuclear Code
The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate '' Parduczia'' sp. This code, along with translation tables 28 and 31, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. Translation termination probably relies on context, specifically proximity to the poly(A) tail. The code (27) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYQQCCWWLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = --------------*--------------------M---------------------------- : Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG : Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG : Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U). Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pachysolen Tannophilus Nuclear Code
The pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code (translation table 26) is a genetic code found in the ascomycete fungus '' Pachysolen tannophilus''. Code Differences from the standard code Initiation codons This code uses the initiation codons AUG, GUG and UUG. Systematic range and comments * '' Pachysolen tannophilus'' See also * List of genetic codes While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well ... References {{Use dmy dates, date=August 2016 Molecular genetics Gene expression Protein biosynthesis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
