Gaseous Detection Device
The gaseous detection device (GDD) is a method and apparatus for the detection of signals in the gaseous environment of an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and all scanned beam type of instruments that allow a minimum gas pressure for the detector to operate. History In the course of development of the ESEM, the detectors previously employed in the vacuum of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) had to be adapted for operation in gaseous conditions. The backscattered electron (BSE) detector was adapted by an appropriate geometry in accordance with the requirements for optimum electron beam transmission, BSE distribution and light guide transmission. However, the corresponding secondary electron (SE) detector ( Everhart-Thornley detector) could not be adapted, because the high potential required would cause a catastrophic breakdown even with moderate increase of pressure, such as low vacuum. Danilatos (1983) overcame this problem by using the environmental gas itsel ...
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Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber. Although there were earlier successes at viewing wet specimens in internal chambers in modified SEMs, the ESEM with its specialized electron detectors (rather than the standard Everhart-Thornley detector) and its differential pumping systems, to allow for the transfer of the electron beam from the high vacuum in the gun area to the high pressure attainable in its specimen chamber, make it a complete and unique instrument designed for the purpose of imaging specimens in their natural state. The instrument was designed originally by Gerasimos Danilatos while working at the University of New South Wales. History Starting with Manfred von Ardenne, early attempts were reported of the examination of specimens inside "en ...
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Microscopes
A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One way is to describe the method an instrument uses to interact with a sample and produce images, either by sending a beam of light or electrons through a sample in its optical path, by detecting photon emissions from a sample, or by scanning across and a short distance from the surface of a sample using a probe. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses lenses to refract visible light that passed through a thinly sectioned sample to produce an observable image. Other major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, electron microscope (both the transmi ...
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Carl Zeiss SMT
Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH comprises the Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology business group of ZEISS and develops and produces equipment for the manufacture of microchips. The company is majority owned by Carl Zeiss AG, with a 24.9% minority stake by ASML Holding. The headquarters of the group are located in Oberkochen, Germany, with additional sites in the German cities Jena, Wetzlar, Rossdorf, Dublin (USA), Peabody (USA) and Bar Lev (Israel). As of September 2021, the total workforce in the seven sites is approximately 5,200. History In 1968, ZEISS supplied the optics for a circuit printer for the first time. About nine years later, the world's first predecessor to a modern wafer stepper, produced by David Mann (later GCA), was equipped with optics from Carl Zeiss. In 1983, the first lithography optics from ZEISS were used in a wafer stepper from Philips. Just under ten years later, ZEISS and Philips carve-out company ASML entered into a strategic partnership. The Semicond ...
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Cathodoluminescence
Cathodoluminescence is an optical and electromagnetic phenomenon in which electrons impacting on a luminescent material such as a phosphor, cause the emission of photons which may have wavelengths in the visible spectrum. A familiar example is the generation of light by an electron beam scanning the phosphor-coated inner surface of the screen of a television that uses a cathode ray tube. Cathodoluminescence is the inverse of the photoelectric effect, in which electron emission is induced by irradiation with photons. Origin Luminescence in a semiconductor results when an electron in the conduction band recombines with a hole in the valence band. The difference energy (band gap) of this transition can be emitted in form of a photon. The energy (color) of the photon, and the probability that a photon and not a phonon will be emitted, depends on the material, its purity, and the presence of defects. First, the electron has to be excited from the valence band into the conduction ba ...
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Printed Circuit Board
A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in Electrical engineering, electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It takes the form of a Lamination, laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers: each of the conductive layers is designed with an artwork pattern of traces, planes and other features (similar to wires on a flat surface) Chemical milling, etched from one or more sheet layers of copper Lamination, laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a Insulator (electricity), non-conductive substrate. Electrical components may be fixed to conductive pads on the outer layers in the shape designed to accept the component's terminals, generally by means of soldering, to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Another manufacturing process adds Via (electronics), vias: plated-through holes that allow interconnections between layers. ...
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GDD LF
GDD may mean: *Game design document, a design document specific to video games. *Gaseous detection device, a technology used with some electron microscopes and similar instruments *Geographically Distributed Development *Glaucoma drainage device *Global Data Dictionary *Global Drug Development *Global developmental delay, a childhood medical disorder *Goal-Directed Design, a user interface design method developed by Alan Cooper *Group delay dispersion (Group velocity dispersion), effect of a medium on an optical signal *Google Developer Day, Google promotional events for developers *''Great Dragon's Dale'', a Russian-language video gaming magazine *Green Degree Directory *Growing degree-day Growing degree days (GDD), also called growing degree units (GDUs), are a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and animal development rates such as the ...

GDD HF
GDD may mean: *Game design document, a design document specific to video games. *Gaseous detection device, a technology used with some electron microscopes and similar instruments *Geographically Distributed Development *Glaucoma drainage device *Global Data Dictionary *Global Drug Development *Global developmental delay, a childhood medical disorder *Goal-Directed Design, a user interface design method developed by Alan Cooper *Group delay dispersion (Group velocity dispersion), effect of a medium on an optical signal *Google Developer Day, Google promotional events for developers *''Great Dragon's Dale'', a Russian-language video gaming magazine *Green Degree Directory *Growing degree-day Growing degree days (GDD), also called growing degree units (GDUs), are a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and animal development rates such as the ...

GDD Implementation
GDD may mean: *Game design document, a design document specific to video games. *Gaseous detection device, a technology used with some electron microscopes and similar instruments *Geographically Distributed Development *Glaucoma drainage device *Global Data Dictionary *Global Drug Development *Global developmental delay, a childhood medical disorder *Goal-Directed Design, a user interface design method developed by Alan Cooper *Group delay dispersion (Group velocity dispersion), effect of a medium on an optical signal *Google Developer Day, Google promotional events for developers *''Great Dragon's Dale'', a Russian-language video gaming magazine *Green Degree Directory *Growing degree-day Growing degree days (GDD), also called growing degree units (GDUs), are a heuristic tool in phenology. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and animal development rates such as the ...