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Gardiner's Sign List
Gardiner's Sign List is a list of common Egyptian hieroglyphs compiled by Sir Alan Gardiner. It is considered a standard reference in the study of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Gardiner lists only the common forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs, but he includes extensive subcategories, and also both vertical and horizontal forms for many hieroglyphs. He includes size-variation forms to aid with the reading of hieroglyphs in running blocks of text. In contrast, for example, the Budge Reference has about 1,000 hieroglyphs listed in 50 pages, but with no size variations. Gardiner does not cross-index signs; once put on the list, other significant uses may be overlooked. One example of this is G16, nbtỉ, the ideogram for the Two Ladies, goddesses Wadjet as the cobra and Nekhbet as the white vulture. These are the protective and patron goddesses of the separate Egyptian kingdoms that joined into ancient Egypt, who were both then displayed on the uraeus of Wadjet when the unification ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian Hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs (, ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt, used for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with some 1,000 distinct characters.There were about 1,000 graphemes in the Old Kingdom period, reduced to around 750 to 850 in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom, but inflated to the order of some 5,000 signs in the Ptolemaic period. Antonio Loprieno, ''Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), p. 12. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the Proto-Sinaitic script that later evolved into the Phoenician alphabet. Through the Phoenician alphabet's major child systems (the Greek and Aramaic scripts), the Egyptian hieroglyphic script is ancestral to the majority of scripts in modern use, most prominently the Latin and Cyr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nefer
The Egyptian hieroglyph for "perfect, complete" (with the extended meanings of "good, pleasant, well, beautiful") in Gardiner's sign list is numbered F35; its phonetic value is ', with a reconstructed pronunciation of and a conventional Egyptological vocalization of '. Hieroglyphs and symbolism The triliteral Egyptian hieroglyph F35 ('nfr') has sometimes been explained as a representation of a lute; however, Egyptologists today no longer consider this hypothesis likely. Rather than a lute, the hieroglyph is actually a representation of the heart and trachea. It originally may have been the esophagus and heart. The striations of the windpipe only appear in the hieroglyph following the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The lower part of the sign has always clearly been the heart, for the markings clearly follow the form of a sheep's heart. Use The term ' has been incorporated into many names in Ancient Egypt. Examples include Nefertiti, Nefertari, and Neferhotep. Some scholars suggest t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land, Irrigated (hieroglyph)
The Land, irrigated hieroglyph ("sectioned land", Gardiner N24) represents "district, nome" (phonetic value ''sp3t''). It is a determinative in the name of provinces and regions in the noun ''ḥsp'', for "garden", "vegetable garden", and "orchard".Betrò, 1995, 157. See also * Gardiner's Sign List#N. Sky, Earth, Water *List of Egyptian hieroglyphs *Arm, cubit symbol (hieroglyph) The Arm, palm down or cubit hieroglyph ( Gardiner D42) has the phonetic value ''mḥ''. A variant with the upper arm "slanted" is D41. It represents the Egyptian cubit (about 20 inches). See also * Gardiner's Sign List#D. Parts of the Human Bod ... References *Betrò, 1995. '' Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt,'' Betrò, Maria Carmela, c. 1995, 1996-(English), Abbeville Press Publishers, New York, London, Paris (hardcover, *Budge, (1920), 1978. ''An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary,'' E.A.Wallace Budge, (Dover Publications), c 1978, (c 1920), Dover edition, 1978. (In two volum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aten
Aten also Aton, Atonu, or Itn ( egy, jtn, ''reconstructed'' ) was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and originally an aspect of Ra, the sun god in traditional ancient Egyptian religion. Akhenaten, however, made it the sole focus of official worship during his reign. In his poem "Great Hymn to the Aten", Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, giver of life, and nurturing spirit of the world. Aten does not have a creation myth or family but is mentioned in the '' Book of the Dead''. The worship of Aten was initially dismantled by Tutankhamun and later eradicated by Tutankhamun's former military general Horemheb. Etymology and origin The word ''Aten'' appears in the Old Kingdom as a noun meaning "disc" which referred to anything flat and circular; the sun was called the "disc of the day" where Ra was thought to reside. By analogy, the term "silver aten" was s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sun (hieroglyph)
The ancient Egyptian Sun hieroglyph is Gardiner sign listed no. N5 for the ''sun-disc'';Collier and Manley, 1998, ''How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs'', C1, sun-disc, p. 136. it is also one of the hieroglyphs that refers to the god Ra. The sun hieroglyph is used in the ancient Egyptian language hieroglyphs as a determinative to refer to events of time, for example when referring to '' '"day xx" (of month yy') ''. Even the " snap-of-the-finger", a 'moment', or 'instant' of time is represented using a Hippopotamus head (hieroglyph), Gardiner no. F3: F3, with the sun-disc: N5, as the time determinative in a hieroglyphic composition block.F3-N5:Z1.("instant")("moment"of"time") In the 24th century BC Palermo Stone, the ''sun hieroglyph'' is used on the ''Palermo Piece''-(obverse) of the 7-piece Palermo Stone to identify dates, or specific "day-events", ..."day of ...." A few of the King Year-Register's are dates only for example in Row V (of VI rows): N11:N11:N5 ! V20:V20:Z2ss !! ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)
Heliopolis (I͗wnw, Iunu or 𓉺𓏌𓊖; egy, I͗wnw, 'the Pillars'; cop, ⲱⲛ; gr, Ἡλιούπολις, Hēlioúpοlis, City of the Sun) was a major city of ancient Egypt. It was the capital of the 13th or Heliopolite Nome of Lower Egypt and a major religious centre. It is now located in Ayn Shams, a northeastern suburb of Cairo. Heliopolis was one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, occupied since the Predynastic Period.. It greatly expanded under the Old and Middle Kingdoms but is today mostly destroyed, its temples and other buildings having been scavenged for the construction of medieval Cairo. Most information about the ancient city comes from surviving records. The major surviving remnant of Heliopolis is the obelisk of the Temple of Ra-Atum erected by Senusret I of Dynasty XII. It still stands in its original position, now within Al-Masalla in Al-Matariyyah, Cairo. The high red granite obelisk weighs 120 tons (240,000 lbs) and is believed to be the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solar Symbol
A solar symbol is a symbol representing the Sun. Common solar symbols include circles (with or without rays), crosses, and spirals. In religious iconography, personifications of the Sun or solar attributes are often indicated by means of a halo or a radiate crown. When the systematic study of comparative mythology first became popular in the 19th century, scholarly opinion tended to over-interpret historical myths and iconography in terms of "solar symbolism". This was especially the case with Max Müller and his followers beginning in the 1860s in the context of Indo-European studies. Many "solar symbols" claimed in the 19th century, such as the swastika, triskele, Sun cross, etc. have tended to be interpreted more conservatively in scholarship since the later 20th century. Solar disk The basic element of most solar symbols is the circular solar disk. The disk can be modified in various ways, notably by adding rays (found in the Bronze Age in Egyptian depictions of Aten) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kek (mythology)
Kek is the deification of the concept of primordial darkness (') in the ancient Egyptian Ogdoad cosmogony of Hermopolis. The Ogdoad consisted of four pairs of deities, four male gods paired with their female counterparts. Kek's female counterpart was Kauket. Kek and Kauket in some aspects also represent night and day, and were called "raiser up of the light" and the "raiser up of the night", respectively. The name is written as ''kk'' or ''kkwy'' with a variant of the sky hieroglyph in ligature with the staff ( N2) associated with the word for "darkness" ''kkw''. History In the oldest representations, ''Kekui'' is given the head of a serpent, and ''Kekuit'' the head of either a frog or a cat. In one scene, they are identified with Ka and Kait; in this scene, Ka-Kekui has the head of a frog surmounted by a beetle and Kait-Kekuit has the head of a serpent surmounted by a disk. In the Greco-Roman period, Kek's male form was depicted as a frog-headed man, and the female form a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sky (hieroglyph)
The ancient Egyptian Sky hieroglyph, (also translated as ''heaven'' in some texts, or iconography), is Gardiner sign listed no. N1, within the Gardiner signs for ''sky, earth, and water.'' The ''Sky'' hieroglyph is used like an Egyptian language biliteral-(but is not listed there) and an ideogram in ''pt'', "sky"; it is a determinative in other synonyms of ''sky''. For the language value ''hrt'', it has the phonetic value ''hry''. The Sky hieroglyph is often written with the complement of its component values of " p", and "t", Q3, X1 in a hieroglyph composition block, N1:Q3*X1 meaning ''"pt"'', or commonly 'pet'. Pt, with Gods and the Pharaoh The Sky hieroglyph can be found in iconography with the gods, especially Ra as referencing the ''Lord of P(e)t'', (''Lord of Heaven''), and the God's ownership of ''Pet''. The Pharaoh is often equally named as the ''Lord of Pet.'' Some ancient Egyptian names using the ''sky'' hieroglyph are Petosiris and the god Petbe. Ligatured ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papyrus Stem (hieroglyph)
The ancient Egyptian Papyrus stem hieroglyph is one of the oldest language hieroglyphs from Ancient Egypt. The papyrus stalk, (or stem) was incorporated into designs of columns on buildings, also facades, and is also in the iconographic art portrayed in ancient Egyptian decorated scenes. The papyrus stem hieroglyph shows a single stalk and umbel of the plant. It is used for the color 'green', and for vigour, or youth-(growing things). Language usage of papyrus stem The basic usage of the papyrus stem hieroglyph is as an ideogram, (graphic picture), in the word for ''"papyrus stem"'', the ''w3dj'', or the older representation of ''"uatch"''. As the papyrus plant is from the Nile Delta, and is a symbol of Lower Egypt and its green and productive quality of food growing, the usage of the ''papyrus stem'' is also used to represent ''growth, vigour, youth'', all things fresh, new and growing. The green color, or the Nile Delta's connection to the Mediterranean Sea, gave rise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Branch (hieroglyph)
The ancient Egyptian Branch hieroglyph, also called a Stick, is a member of the trees and plants hieroglyphs. The branch is an Egyptian language biliteral with the value ''(kh)t'', (khet)-(ḫt); it is an ideogram-(determinative), for wood, tree, and the linear measure (=100 cubits). The hieroglyph is described as a branch without leaves. As the value (kh)t, it is often complemented in a hieroglyphic block with ''kh''–("sieve"), Aa1 and ''"t"''–( bread bun). X1 Iconographic usage Pharaonic usage Pharaoh Nectanebo II used the branch hieroglyph for his Nomen name of ''Nakhthoreb'', "Strong is His Lord, Beloved of Hathor". Pharaoh Nectanebo I's nomen was ''Nekhtnebef'', "Strong is His Lord." Old Kingdom usage Two labels are known from the Old Kingdom showing usage of the ''branch hieroglyph'', one by Pharaoh Den, one by Semerkhet. The usage on the labels shows the branch hieroglyph in a more archaic form. Rosetta Stone usage of branch--"khet" In the 198 BC, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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