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Freiburg School
__notoc__ The Freiburg school (german: Freiburger Schule) is a school of economic thought founded in the 1930s at the University of Freiburg. It builds somewhat on the earlier historical school of economics but stresses that only some forms of competition are good, while others may require oversight. This is considered a lawful and legitimate role of government in a democracy in the Freiburg School. The School provided the economic theoretical elements of ordoliberalism and the social market economy in post-war Germany. The Freiburg school of economics was called 'neoliberalism' until Anglo-American scholars reappropriated the term. Adherents * Franz BöhmBlumenberg-Lampe, Christine (2004). "Franz Böhm." Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler: Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union. Ed. Buchstab, Günter; Kaff, Brigitte; Kleinmann, Hans-Otto. Freiburg, Germany: Herder, 2004. 108. Print. * Juergen B. Donges * Ludwig Erhard * Walter Eucken * Edith Eucken-Erdsiek * Andreas Freytag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Economic Thought
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Lutz (economist)
Friedrich August Lutz (29 December 1901, Sarrebourg; 4 October 1975, Zürich) was a German economist who developed the expectations hypothesis.''Credit for devising the theory is normally accorded to Friedrich Lutz (1940), though others, particularly Sir John Hicks (1939), were pursuing similar lines of enquiry.'' Life In 1920, Lutz graduated from high school in Stuttgart. He studied economics at Heidelberg University and Humboldt University of Berlin, where he met economist Walter Eucken, and went on to graduate from the University of Tübingen in 1925. Lutz's first job was for the Association of German Engineering Institutions (Verein deutscher Maschinenbau-Anstalten (VdMA)) in Berlin. Then in 1929 he took a job as an assistant to Walter Eucken at Albert Ludwig University and lived in Freiburg. In 1934–1935 he had a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship in England, after which he returned to Germany to again work for Eucken. However, Lutz was unable to continue his academ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer Gabler
Springer Gabler (formerly Gabler Verlag) is a German publishing house in the fields of economy. It was founded in Wiesbaden in 1929 as ''Betriebswirtschaftlicher Verlag Doktor Theodor Gabler''. The program is focussed on management, marketing and sales, financial services, controlling and taxes. Today's Springer Gabler is a result of a merger between Gabler Verlag and Springer-Verlag. It belongs to Springer Science+Business Media Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in .... External links Website of Springer Gabler References {{Authority control Publishing companies of Germany Publishing companies established in the 1920s Springer Science+Business Media ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical School Of Economics
The historical school of economics was an economic methodology, approach to academic economics and to public administration that emerged in the 19th century in Germany, and held sway there until well into the 20th century. The professors involved compiled massive economic histories of Germany and Europe. Numerous Americans were their students. The school was opposed by theoretical economists. Prominent leaders included Gustav von Schmoller (1838–1917), and Max Weber (1864–1920) in Germany, and Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) in Austria and the United States. Tenets The historical school held that history was the key source of knowledge about human actions and economic matters, since economics was culture-specific, and hence not generalizable over space and time. The school rejected the universal validity of economic theorems. They saw economics as resulting from careful empirical and historical analysis instead of from logic and mathematics. The school also preferred reali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Market Economy
The social market economy (SOME; german: soziale Marktwirtschaft), also called Rhine capitalism, Rhine-Alpine capitalism, the Rhenish model, and social capitalism, is a socioeconomic model combining a free-market capitalist economic system alongside social policies and enough regulation to establish both fair competition within the market and a welfare state. It is sometimes classified as a regulated market economy. The social market economy was originally promoted and implemented in West Germany by the Christian Democratic Union of Germany under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in 1949, and today the term is used by ordoliberals, social liberals, and social democrats, who generally reject full state ownership of the means of production but support egalitarian distribution of all goods and services in a market segment. Its origins can be traced to the interwar Freiburg school of economic thought. The social market economy was designed to be a middle way between ''laissez-fair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ORDO (journal)
(English: ''The Ordo Yearbook of Economic and Social Order'', most commonly referred to as ''Ordo Yearbook'', or simply as ''ORDO'') is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1948 by German economists Walter Eucken and Franz Böhm. The journal focuses on the economic and political institutions governing modern society. History The term ordoliberalism was coined echoing the journal's title. Furthermore, the concept of social market economy, being the main economic model used in Western and Northern Europe during and after the Cold War era, has been developed nearly exclusively within ''ORDO''. Today, the journal's mission is to provide a forum of debate for scholars of diverse disciplines such as economics, law, political science, sociology, and philosophy.Frank Boenker, Agnès Labrousse, and Jean-Daniel Weisz (2000):The Evolution of Ordoliberalism in the Light of the Ordo Yearbook. A Bibliometric Analysis" in: A. Labrousse and J. D. Weisz (Eds.), ''Institutional Econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freiburg Circles
The Freiburg Circles were a school of economic thought founded in the 1930s in Germany. History The Circles subsumed three initially religiously motivated working groups whose memberships overlapped, namely the ''Freiburger Konzil'', the '' Bonhoeffer Kreis'', and the ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath'', that arguably provided the platform for the renaissance of liberal political and economic thinking in post-war Germany. In particular the latter working group, presided over by Erwin von Beckerath, as a private continuation of the former ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft Volkswirtschaftslehre'' (Working Committee of Political Economy), which was established within the ''Akademie für Deutsches Recht'' (Academy for German Law) in 1940, but suspended on 1 March 1943, was concerned with the transformation of a wartime economy into a peacetime one and finding an order to govern it. At the first meeting in Freiburg im Breisgau on 21 March 1943, the eponym of the consortium, Erwin von Beckera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Rüstow
Alexander Rüstow (8 April 1885 – 30 June 1963) was a German sociologist and economist. In 1938 he originated the term neoliberalism at the Colloque Walter Lippmann. He was one of the fathers of the "Social Market Economy" that shaped the economy of West Germany after World War II. He is the grandnephew of Wilhelm Rüstow, the grandson of Cäsar Rüstow and the father of Dankwart Rustow. Life Rüstow was born in Wiesbaden in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau in to the family of a Prussian military officer. From 1903 till 1908, he studied mathematics, physics, philosophy, philology, law and economics, at the universities of Göttingen, Munich and Berlin. In 1908, he obtained his doctorate under Paul Hensel, at the University of Erlangen, on a mathematical topic, Russell's paradox. He then worked at the Teubner publishing house in Berlin, until 1911, when he started working on his habilitation, on the knowledge theory of Parmenides. He had to interrupt his work though a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Müller-Armack
Alfred Müller-Armack (28 June 1901 – 16 March 1978) was a German economist and politician. He coined the term "social market economy" in 1946. Müller-Armack was professor of economics at University of Münster and University of Cologne. He was a central figure of the "Cologne school". He always pointed out that the economy had to serve humanity. A regulatory environment should provide the basis for a form of competition that was to the best for all people. In 1933 he published a book with some praise of Nazism, entitled ''Ideas of the State and Economy Order in the New Reich.'' The Nazis did however not like the book and a second edition was refused in 1935. He worked as an advisor to the Nazi regime and the German army, and contributed to discussions about the post-war economic order. When he became more and more disillusioned with the Nazi regime, he withdrew to his academic research and turned towards religious sociological studies. This resulted in a big volume entitled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian School
The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. Austrian school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.Ludwig von Mises. Human Action, p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23. The Austrian School originated in late-19th- and early-20th-century Vienna with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, and others. It was methodologically opposed to the Historical School (based in Germany), in a dispute known as '' Methodenstreit'', or methodology struggle. Current-day economists working in this tradition are located in many different countries, but their work is still referred to as Austrian economics. Among the theoretical contributions of the early years of the Austrian School ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Röpke
Wilhelm Röpke (October 10, 1899 – February 12, 1966) was a German economist and social critic, best known as one of the spiritual fathers of the social market economy. A Professor of Economics, first in Jena, then in Graz, Marburg, Istanbul, and finally Geneva, Switzerland, Röpke theorised and collaborated to organise the post-World War II economic re-awakening of the war-wrecked German economy, deploying a program sometimes referred to as the ''sociological neoliberalism'' (compared to ordoliberalism, a more sociologically inclined variant of German liberalism).Razeen Sally, ''Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order'', Routledge, 2002, , p. 106 With Alfred Müller-Armack and Alexander Rüstow (sociological neoliberalism) and Walter Eucken and Franz Böhm (ordoliberalism) he elucidated the ideas, which then were introduced formally by Germany's post-World War II Minister for Economics Ludwig Erhard, operating under Konrad Adenauer's Chancellorship. Röpk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans-Werner Sinn
Hans-Werner Sinn (born 7 March 1948) is a German economist who served as President of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research from 1999 to 2016. He currently serves on the German economy ministry’s advisory council. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics and Public Finance at the University of Munich. Education and career After studying economics at the University of Münster from 1967 to 1972 and receiving his doctorate from the University of Mannheim in 1978, Sinn was awarded the venia legendi in 1983, also from the University of Mannheim. Since 1984 Sinn has been full professor in the faculty of economics at the University of Munich (LMU), first holding the chair for economics and insurance, and from 1994 the chair for economics and public finance. During leaves of absence from Mannheim and Munich he held visiting professorships (1978/79 and 1984/85) at the University of Western Ontario in Canada. During sabbaticals he was also visiting researcher at the London School o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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