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Forest Robin
The forest robin or orange-breasted forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax'') is a species of bird from Central and West Africa. It is monotypic in the genus ''Stiphrornis''. It has been placed in the family Turdidae, but is now generally placed in Muscicapidae in the group popularly known as chats. Most taxonomists consider it a single species, but some reviews have recommended recognizing 5 species. It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax''). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Description It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the exact subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange. Taxonomy The initial split into mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olive-backed Forest Robin
The olive-backed forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax pyrrholaemus'') is a subspecies of the forest robin found in the Gamba Complex in southwest Gabon. It was described in 2008. The olive-backed forest robin can be separated from other subspecies of the forest robin by the combination of its olive upperparts, bright orange throat and chest, and cream-yellow belly. Its song is also distinct from other subspecies of the forest robin. Females are generally duller than males. It has not been evaluated by IUCN, but has been described as locally common. Though this subspecies was described recently, a juvenile appears to have been collected on 11 November 1953 in Tchibanga, Gabon. The specimen is deposited in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris. Its identity was confirmed by comparison of the DNA sequences. Taxonomy All taxa within the genus ''Stiphrornis'' were considered part of a single species, ''S. erythrothorax'', until 1999, when it was argued, based on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stiphrornis
The forest robin or orange-breasted forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax'') is a species of bird from Central and West Africa. It is monotypic in the genus ''Stiphrornis''. It has been placed in the family Turdidae, but is now generally placed in Muscicapidae in the group popularly known as chats. Most taxonomists consider it a single species, but some reviews have recommended recognizing 5 species. It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax''). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Description It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the exact subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange. Taxonomy The initial split into mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rudder's Forest Robin
The forest robin or orange-breasted forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax'') is a species of bird from Central and West Africa. It is monotypic in the genus ''Stiphrornis''. It has been placed in the family Turdidae, but is now generally placed in Muscicapidae in the group popularly known as chats. Most taxonomists consider it a single species, but some reviews have recommended recognizing 5 species. It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax''). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Description It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the exact subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange. Taxonomy The initial split into mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sangha Forest Robin
The Sangha forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax sanghensis'') is a subspecies of the forest robin that is endemic to south-western Central African Republic, but may also occur in adjacent parts of DR Congo, Cameroon and Republic of the Congo. It was only discovered in 1996, and scientifically described in 1999.Beresford, P. & Cracraft, J. (1999). ''Speciation in African forest robins (Stiphrornis): species limits, phylogenetic relationships, and molecular biogeography.'' American Museum Novitates 3270: 1–22PDF available./ref> When recognized as a species by IUCN, it was considered data deficient, but following recommendations by the BirdLife BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding ... Taxonomic Working Group, IUCN now consider it a subspecies of the forest robin. It ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Forest Robin
The eastern forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax xanthogaster'') is a subspecies of the forest robin found at low levels in forests from Cameroon and Gabon to DR Congo and Uganda.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (Stiphrornis erythrothorax). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. In 1999 it was recommended that it should be treated as a separate species instead of a subspecies.Beresford, P. & Cracraft, J. (1999). ''Speciation in African forest robins (Stiphrornis): species limits, phylogenetic relationships, and molecular biogeography.'' American Museum Novitates 3270: 1–22PDF available./ref> IUCN and some other authorities do not recognize the split, and consequently it has not been rated as species separate from ''S. erythrothorax''. However, it has been described as frequent to locally abundant, and is therefore unlikely to qualify for a th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghana Forest Robin
The forest robin or orange-breasted forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax'') is a species of bird from Central and West Africa. It is monotypic in the genus ''Stiphrornis''. It has been placed in the family Turdidae, but is now generally placed in Muscicapidae in the group popularly known as chats. Most taxonomists consider it a single species, but some reviews have recommended recognizing 5 species. It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax''). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Description It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the exact subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange. Taxonomy The initial split into mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dahomey Forest Robin
The forest robin or orange-breasted forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax'') is a species of bird from Central and West Africa. It is monotypic in the genus ''Stiphrornis''. It has been placed in the family Turdidae, but is now generally placed in Muscicapidae in the group popularly known as chats. Most taxonomists consider it a single species, but some reviews have recommended recognizing 5 species. It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax''). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Description It has a total length of around , has dark upperparts, and a throat and chest that, depending on the exact subspecies, is yellow-orange or deep orange. Taxonomy The initial split into mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabon Forest Robin
The Gabon forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax gabonensis'') is a subspecies of the forest robin found at low levels of forests in Cameroon, Gabon and Bioko.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (Stiphrornis erythrothorax). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. In 1999 it was recommended that it should be treated as a separate species instead of a subspecies.Beresford, P. & Cracraft, J. (1999). ''Speciation in African forest robins (Stiphrornis): species limits, phylogenetic relationships, and molecular biogeography.'' American Museum Novitates 3270: 1–22PDF available. IUCN and some other authorities do not recognize the split, and consequently it has not been rated as species separate from the forest robin. However, it has been described as frequent to locally abundant, and is therefore unlikely to qualify for a threatened Threatened speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Forest Robin
The western forest robin (''Stiphrornis erythrothorax erythrothorax'') is a subspecies of the forest robin found at low levels in West African forests from Sierra Leone to Nigeria.Collar, N. (2005). Forest Robin (Stiphrornis erythrothorax). Pp. 730-731 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. eds. (2005). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World.'' Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. It has been placed in the family Turdidae, but is now generally placed in Muscicapidae. It commonly includes the other members in the genus ''Stiphrornis'' as subspecies, in which case the common name for the "combined species" simply is forest robin. The western forest robin can be separate from the other members of the genus by the combination of its deep orange throat and breast, white belly, and olive upperparts. It also appears to differ vocally from the other members in the genus, but a comprehensive study on this is lacking.Schmidt, B., Foster, J., Angehr, G., Durran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Divergence
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes ( mutations) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there isn’t genetic exchange anymore. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large (see parapatric speciation). The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations (that have no effect on the phenotype) or give rise to significant morphological and/or physiological changes. Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptations via selection and/or due to genetic drift, and is the principal mechanism underlying speciation. On a molecular ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (''division'' is sometimes used in botany in place of ''phylum''), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. With advances in the theory, data and analytical technology of biological systematics, the Linnaean system has transformed into a system of modern biological classification intended to reflect the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
