|
Federal Union Army
The Federal Union Army ( my, ဖက်ဒရယ် ပြည်ထောင်စု တပ်မတော်) is a military coalition in Myanmar (Burma) composed of fighters from various insurgent groups which are members of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC). It was established by the UNFC to protect areas with ethnic minorities. Membership The UNFC, the parent organisation of the FUA, currently has five members. Fighters in the FUA come from some of, but not all of, the member parties. Ceasefire members * Chin National Front (suspended in November 2015) * Karen National Union (resigned in September 2014) * Karenni Army * Lahu Democratic Union * New Mon State Party * Pa-O National Organization (suspended in November 2015) * Shan State Army - North Non-ceasefire members * Arakan Army * Kachin Independence Army (resigned in May 2017) * Kuki National Army * Ta'ang National Liberation Army (resigned in 2016) * Wa National Organisation (resigned in May 2017) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internal Conflict In Myanmar
Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948, the year the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom. The conflict has largely been ethnic-based, with several ethnic armed groups fighting Myanmar's armed forces, the Tatmadaw, for self-determination. Despite numerous ceasefires and the creation of autonomous self-administered zones in 2008, many armed groups continue to call for independence, increased autonomy, or the federalisation of the country. The conflict is the world's longest ongoing civil war, having spanned more than seven decades. Background In 1940, during World War II, a group of young Burmese intellectuals left for Japan to receive military training in preparation for an anti-colonial struggle against the British. This group came to be known as the Thirty Comrades, and upon returning to Burma in 1941 they established the Burma Independence Army (BIA) to fight against the Allies. Upon their capture of Rangoon in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatmadaw
Tatmadaw (, , ) is the official name of the armed forces of Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is administered by the Ministry of Defence and composed of the Myanmar Army, the Myanmar Navy and the Myanmar Air Force. Auxiliary services include the Myanmar Police Force, the Border Guard Forces, the Myanmar Coast Guard, and the People's Militia Units. Since independence, the Tatmadaw has faced significant ethnic insurgencies, especially in Kachin, Kayin, Kayah, and Shan states. General Ne Win took control of the country in a 1962 coup d'état, attempting to build an autarkic society called the Burmese Way to Socialism. Following the violent repression of nationwide protests in 1988, the military agreed to free elections in 1990, but ignored the resulting victory of the National League for Democracy and imprisoned its leader Aung San Suu Kyi. The 1990s also saw the escalation of the conflict between Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State due to RSO attacks on Tatmada ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zomi Revolutionary Army
The Zomi Revolutionary Army ( my, ဇိုမီး တော်လှန်ရေး တပ်မတော်; abbreviated ZRA) is an armed Zomi nationalist insurgent group formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the Kuki people (i.e. the Thadou) and the Paites tribe in Churachandpur district of Manipur, India. Its parent organisation, the ''Zomi Revolutionary Organisation'', was founded in April 1993. Pu K Guite, a Zomi leader from Karbi Anglong (Mikir Hills of Assam), is the founder president of the organisation.It is one of the most powerful group operation in Manipur. The ZRA's proclaimed objective is to "protect the interests of the Zo ethnic groups" and to "unite the Zomi peoples under one state, ''Zogam''", which overlaps the official state boundaries of India (Manipur and Mizoram), Myanmar (Chin State) and Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts). Leadership The ZRA has three main leadership positions, President, General Secretary, and Inform ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wa National Organisation
The Wa National Organisation ( my, ဝအမျိုးသားအစည်းအရုံး; WNO) is a political organisation in Shan State, Myanmar. It has an armed wing, the Wa National Army (WNA), that operates in northern Shan State and near Myanmar's border with Thailand. History The WNO was founded along with the WNA on 29 July 1974, after the original group, the ''Ka Kwe Ye'', joined forces with the Shan State Army (SSA) and Lo Hsing Han. The group was led by Mahasang, the son of the last ''sawbwa'' of Vingngun. In 1977, the WNO broke ties with the SSA and allied themselves with the 3rd Kuomintang battalion operating near the Myanmar-China border, led by General Li Wenhuan. In 1983, the WNO officially joined the National Democratic Force (NDF). The group signed a peace agreement with the SLORC government in August 1997. References See also *Internal conflict in Myanmar *List of insurgent groups in Myanmar The following is a list of armed groups involved in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ta'ang National Liberation Army
The Ta'ang National Liberation Army ( my, တအောင်း အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော်; abbreviated TNLA) in Myanmar (Burma), is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF). The TNLA is known for their opposition to drug trade, conducting operations where they actively destroy poppy fields, heroin refineries and meth labs. The TNLA claims that they arrest opium smugglers regularly and the narcotics seized are publicly burned on special occasions to deter drug trade. History The TNLA was originally founded as the Palaung State Liberation Organization/Army (PSLO/A), which signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1991 and disarmed in 2005. After the dissolution of the PSLO/A, Ta'ang (Palaung) leaders Tar Aik Bong and Tar Bone Kyaw founded the TNLA alongside the PSLF to continue fighting for the self-determination of the Ta'ang people. The TNLA is presently allied with the Kachin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kachin Independence Army
The Kachin Independence Army (KIA; Kachin: ''ShangLawt Hpyen''; my, ကချင်လွတ်လပ်ရေးတပ်မတော်) is a non-state armed group and the military wing of the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), a political group of ethnic Kachins in Northern Myanmar (formerly Burma). The Kachins are a coalition of six tribes whose homeland encompasses territory in China's Yunnan, Northeast India and Kachin State in Myanmar. The Kachin Independence Army is funded by the KIO, which raises money through regional taxes and trade in jade, timber and gold. It is armed with a combination of AK-47s, locally-made rifles (such as KA) and some artillery. Kachin Independence Army headquarters are in Laiza, in southern Kachin State near the Chinese border. In 2009, Thomas Fuller of ''the New York Times'' estimated the number of active KIA soldiers at about 4,000. They are divided into five brigades and one mobile brigade. Most are stationed in bases near the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shan State Army - North
Shan may refer to: People *Shan (surname), or 单 in Chinese, a Chinese surname *Shan, a variant of the Welsh given name usually spelled Siân *Occasionally used as a short form of Shannen/ Shannon Ethnic groups *Shan people, Southeast Asian ethnic group inhabiting Myanmar **Shan language *Dai people, also known as Shan, ethnic group in China *Shanrong (山戎), term for "mountain barbarian" in Shanxi, Hubei in northern China Individuals * Shaan Shahid, Pakistani actor, model, writer and film director *MC Shan, rapper *Liu Shan, second emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. *Fu Buqi (宓不齊; Fu Pu-ch'i; born 521BC) who was accorded the title 'Count of Shan' Places China *Shaanxi, abbreviated as Shan (陕), province of the People's Republic of China *Shan County, Shandong (单县), county in Heze, Shandong, China * Shan County, Henan (陕县), now Shanzhou District of Sanmenxia city, a county in Sanmenxia, Henan, China *Shantou, or Shan (汕), a city in Guangdo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pa-O National Organization
The Pa-O National Organisation ( my, ပအိုဝ်း အမျိုးသား အဖွဲ့ချုပ်) is a Pa-O political party in Myanmar (Burma). Its armed wing, the Pa-O National Army, has between 400 and 700 active personnel. The PNO administers the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone, which consists of three townships in southern Shan State: Hopong, Hsi Hseng, and Pinlaung townships. The PNO campaigns for the Pa-O people and promotes agricultural and work programmes across its controlled territory, in additional to building schools and hospitals in the area. The organisation's armed wing, the Pa-O National Army (PNA), is a close ally of the Burmese military while PNO itself has close ties to the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party The Union Solidarity and Development Party ( my, ပြည်ထောင်စုကြံ့ခိုင်ရေးနှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးပါတီ; abbr. USDP) is a politica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karen National Union
The Karen National Union ( my, ကရင် အမျိုးသား အစည်းအရုံး; abbreviated KNU) is a political organisation with an armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), that claims to represent the Karen people of Myanmar (Burma). It operates in mountainous eastern Myanmar, and has underground networks in other areas of Myanmar where Karen people live as a minority group. In the Karen language, this area is called Kawthoolei. Some of the Karen, led primarily by the Karen National Union (KNU), have waged a war against the central government since early 1949. The aim of the KNU at first was independence. Since 1976 the armed group has called for a federal system rather than an independent Karen State. In January 2012, Myanmar's military-backed civilian government signed a ceasefire deal with the KNU in Hpa-an, the capital of eastern Kayin State. Aung Min, the Railway Minister, and General Mutu Sae Poe of the KNU led the peace talks. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chin National Front
The Chin National Front ( my, ချင်းအမျိုးသားတပ်ဦး; CNF) is a Chin nationalist political organization in Myanmar. According to its website, its armed wing, the Chin National Army (CNA), fights the government of Myanmar. The group was founded on 20 March 1988. This organization claims to seek a Federal Union based on self-determination, ethnic equality and democracy. The Chin people are one of the four founding members (Chin, Kachin, Shan, and Bamar) of the Union of Burma. In 2021, CNF became a member of the National Unity Consultative Council. History The group was founded by the Chin people on 20 March 1988, following unsuccessful attempts at armed resistance. The founders were Pu Tial Khal, Pu Lian No Thang (L) and Pu Roenga (L) at Tatkawng Veng, India on February 20 1988. Pu Tial Khal was President. Pu No Than Kap was directed to join the National Democratic Front (NDF) to KNU headquarters soon after it was founded. Pu No Than Kap became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, John Wells explains, the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English, in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel: [ˈmjænmɑː, ˈbɜːmə]. So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [mɑːr] or of Burma as [bɜːrmə] by some speakers in the UK and most speakers in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions. The final ''r'' in ''Myanmar'' was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad a, broad ''ah'' () in "father". If the Burmese name my, မြန်မာ, label=none were spelled "Myanma" in English, this would b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coalition
A coalition is a group formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political or economical spaces. Formation According to ''A Guide for Political Parties'' published by National Democratic Institute and The Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps of coalition-building: # Developing a party strategy: The first step in coalition-building involves developing a party strategy that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition-building. # Negotiating a coalition: Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, in step 2 the parties come together to negotiate and hopefully reach agreement on the terms for the coalition. Depending on the context and objectives of the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
