Fairy-bluebird
The three fairy-bluebirds are small passerine bird species found in forests and plantations in tropical southern Asia and the Philippines. They are the sole members of the genus ''Irena'' and family Irenidae, and are related to the ioras and leafbirds. These are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, fairy-bluebirds are sexually dimorphic, with the males being dark blue in plumage, and the females duller green. These species eat fruit, especially figs, and possibly some insects. They lay two to three eggs in a tree nest. The call of the Asian fairy-bluebird is a liquid two note ''Glue-It''. As the names would suggest, the Asian fairy-bluebird (''I. puella'') occurs across southern Asia, the Philippine fairy-bluebird (''I. cyanogastra'') in that archipelago, and the Palawan fairy-bluebird (''I. tweeddalii'') on the island of Palawan. Taxonomy The first scientists to examine fairy-bluebirds placed them in the gen ...
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Asian Fairy-bluebird
The Asian fairy-bluebird (''Irena puella'') is a medium-sized, arboreal passerine bird. This fairy-bluebird is found in forests across tropical southern Asia, Indochina and the Greater Sundas. Two or three eggs are laid in a small cup nest in a tree. It was described by British ornithologist John Latham in 1790. The only other member of the genus and family is the Philippine fairy-bluebird, ''I. cyanogastra'', which replaces the Asian fairy-bluebird in most of the Philippines. Both species are considered as sacred to the Tagalog people as they are perceived as tigmamanukan omens. The adult Asian fairy bluebird is about . The male has glossy, iridescent blue upperparts, and black underparts and flight feathers. The female and first year male are entirely dull blue-green. The Asian fairy bluebird eats fruits, nectar and some insects. Its call is a liquid two note ''glue-it''. Description The Asian fairy bluebird measures in length. The iris is crimson and eyelids pinkish; the bi ...
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Irena Puella
The Asian fairy-bluebird (''Irena puella'') is a medium-sized, arboreal passerine bird. This fairy-bluebird is found in forests across tropical southern Asia, Indochina and the Greater Sundas. Two or three eggs are laid in a small cup nest in a tree. It was described by British ornithologist John Latham in 1790. The only other member of the genus and family is the Philippine fairy-bluebird, ''I. cyanogastra'', which replaces the Asian fairy-bluebird in most of the Philippines. Both species are considered as sacred to the Tagalog people as they are perceived as tigmamanukan omens. The adult Asian fairy bluebird is about . The male has glossy, iridescent blue upperparts, and black underparts and flight feathers. The female and first year male are entirely dull blue-green. The Asian fairy bluebird eats fruits, nectar and some insects. Its call is a liquid two note ''glue-it''. Description The Asian fairy bluebird measures in length. The iris is crimson and eyelids pinkish; the bi ...
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Irena Cyanogastra
The Philippine fairy-bluebird (''Irena cyanogastra'') is a species of bird in the family Irenidae. It is endemic to the Philippines being found in the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, Samar and Bohol. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forest and tropical moist montane forest. They are seen in mixed flocks along with Philippine bulbuls, Blue-headed fantails and other forest birds. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for both food and pet trade. Mythology This species is considered as sacred to the Tagalog people as this is perceived as tigmamanukan omen, and therefore, the sacred omen and messenger of Bathala, the supreme god in indigenous Tagalog religious practices. In old Tagalog mythology in southern Luzon (Philippines), the Philippine fairy-bluebirds were known as the tigmamanukan omen birds. All of which were the omen birds of Bathala, the supreme god of the Tagalog people prior to the arrival of the Spanish. According to legend, Bathala ordered a ...
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Philippine Fairy-bluebird
The Philippine fairy-bluebird (''Irena cyanogastra'') is a species of bird in the family Irenidae. It is endemic to the Philippines being found in the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, Samar and Bohol. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forest and tropical moist montane forest. They are seen in mixed flocks along with Philippine bulbuls, Blue-headed fantails and other forest birds. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for both food and pet trade. Mythology This species is considered as sacred to the Tagalog people as this is perceived as tigmamanukan omen, and therefore, the sacred omen and messenger of Bathala, the supreme god in indigenous Tagalog religious practices. In old Tagalog mythology in southern Luzon (Philippines), the Philippine fairy-bluebirds were known as the tigmamanukan omen birds. All of which were the omen birds of Bathala, the supreme god of the Tagalog people prior to the arrival of the Spanish. According to legend, Bathala ordered a ...
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Palawan Fairy-bluebird
The Palawan fairy-bluebird (''Irena tweeddalii'') is a species of bird in the family Irenidae. It is endemic to the island of Palawan in the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. References Palawan fairy-bluebird Birds of Palawan Endemic birds of the Philippines Palawan fairy-bluebird Palawan fairy-bluebird The Palawan fairy-bluebird (''Irena tweeddalii'') is a species of bird in the family Irenidae. It is endemic to the island of Palawan in the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or ...

Irena Tweeddalii
The Palawan fairy-bluebird (''Irena tweeddalii'') is a species of bird in the family Irenidae. It is endemic to the island of Palawan in the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. References Palawan fairy-bluebird Birds of Palawan Endemic birds of the Philippines Palawan fairy-bluebird Palawan fairy-bluebird The Palawan fairy-bluebird (''Irena tweeddalii'') is a species of bird in the family Irenidae. It is endemic to the island of Palawan in the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or t ...

Iora
: ''For the international organization, see Indian Ocean Rim Association'' : ''For the Australian Aboriginal people of the Sydney region, see Eora'' The ioras are a small family, Aegithinidae, of four passerine bird species found in south and southeast Asia. The family is composed of a single genus, ''Aegithina''. They were formerly grouped with the leafbirds and fairy-bluebirds, in the family Irenidae. Taxonomy and systematics The genus ''Aegithina'' was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot to accommodate the common iora. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''aigithos'' or ''aiginthos'', a mythical bird mentioned by Aristotle and other classical authors. The common iora was described in 1758 and given the binomial name ''Motacilla tiphia'' by Carl Linnaeus, but there was a some confusion about the nature of bird Linnaeus was referring to. Early taxonomists considered it to variously be a warbler, flycatcher, finch or babbler. When G. R. Gray ...
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Passerine
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by the arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching. With more than 140 families and some 6,500 identified species, Passeriformes is the largest clade of birds and among the most diverse clades of terrestrial vertebrates, representing 60% of birds.Ericson, P.G.P. et al. (2003Evolution, biogeography, and patterns of diversification in passerine birds ''J. Avian Biol'', 34:3–15.Selvatti, A.P. et al. (2015"A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the Oscines in the New World" ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', 88:1–15. Passerines are divided into three clades: Acanthisitti (New Zealand wrens), Tyranni (suboscines), and Passeri (oscines or songbirds). The passeri ...
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Handbook Of The Birds Of The World
The ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' (HBW) is a multi-volume series produced by the Spanish publishing house Lynx Edicions in partnership with BirdLife International. It is the first handbook to cover every known living species of bird. The series was edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal and David A. Christie. All 16 volumes have been published. For the first time an animal class will have all the species illustrated and treated in detail in a single work. This has not been done before for any other group in the animal kingdom. Material in each volume is grouped first by family, with an introductory article on each family; this is followed by individual species accounts (taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation, bibliography). In addition, all volumes except the first and second contain an essay on a particular ornithological theme. More than 200 renowned speci ...
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Leafbird
The leafbirds (Chloropseidae) are a family of small passerine bird species found in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. They were formerly grouped with the ioras and fairy-bluebirds in the family Irenidae. As presently defined, the leafbird family is monogeneric, with all species placed in the genus ''Chloropsis''. Description The leafbirds range in size from , and in weight from . They resemble bulbuls, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colour, leafbirds are brightly plumaged, with the predominant green over the body giving rise to their common name. The family is mostly sexually dimorphic in their plumage, this can vary from the highly dimorphic orange-bellied leafbird to the Philippine leafbird, which exhibits no sexual dimorphism. Most of the differences between the sexes are in the extent of the other colours in the plumage, particularly in the colours around the head and the blue or black face mask, with females having less colour and a less extensive ( ...
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Beak
The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for eating, preening, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship, and feeding young. The terms ''beak'' and ''rostrum'' are also used to refer to a similar mouth part in some ornithischians, pterosaurs, cetaceans, dicynodonts, anuran tadpoles, monotremes (i.e. echidnas and platypuses, which have a beak-like structure), sirens, pufferfish, billfishes and cephalopods. Although beaks vary significantly in size, shape, color and texture, they share a similar underlying structure. Two bony projections – the upper and lower mandibles – are covered with a thin keratinized layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca. In most species, two holes called ''nares'' lead to the respiratory system. Etymology Although the word "beak" was, in the past, generally restricted to the sharpened bills o ...
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Bergmann's Rule
Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographical rule that states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions. Bergmann's rule only describes the overall size of the animals, but does not include body parts like Allen's rule does. Although originally formulated in relation to species within a genus, it has often been recast in relation to populations within a species. It is also often cast in relation to latitude. It is possible that the rule also applies to some plants, such as '' Rapicactus''. The rule is named after nineteenth century German biologist Carl Bergmann, who described the pattern in 1847, although he was not the first to notice it. Bergmann's rule is most often applied to mammals and birds which are endotherms, but some researchers have also found evidence for the rule in studies of ectothermic species, such as the ant ''L ...
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