|
Front Of National Unity
:''This is an article about a Polish political organization. For article about a Bolivian political party, see National Unity Front.'' Front of National Unity or National Unity Front ( pl, Front Jedności Narodu, FJN) was a popular front supervising elections in the Polish People's Republic which also acted as a coalition for the dominant communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and its allies. It was founded in 1952 as ''National Front'' (''Front Narodowy'') and renamed to ''Front of National Unity'' in 1956. It was the heir of the Democratic Bloc (''Blok Demokratyczny'') which ran in the elections of 1947 before the merger between communists and socialists. The Front was created by and was subordinate to the PZPR. Its membership included all three legal Polish political parties (the PZPR, Democratic Party, and United People's Party) and many organizations (such as trade unions). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolesław Bierut
Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish communist activist and politician, leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1947 until 1956. He was President of the State National Council from 1944 to 1947, President of Poland from 1947 to 1952, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1948 to 1956, and Prime Minister of Poland from 1952 to 1954. Bierut was a self-educated person. He implemented aspects of the Stalinist system in Poland.Jerzy Eisler, ''Siedmiu wspaniałych. Poczet pierwszych sekretarzy KC PZPR'' he Magnificent Seven: first secretaries of the PZPR pp. 32–35. Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warszawa 2014, . Together with Władysław Gomułka, his main rival, Bierut is chiefly responsible for the historic changes that Poland underwent in the aftermath of World War II. Unlike any of his communist successors, Bierut led Poland until his death. Born in Congress Poland on the outskirts of Lublin, Bierut en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Ochab
Edward Ochab (; 16 August 1906 – 1 May 1989) was a Polish Communism, communist politician and top leader of Poland between March and October 1956. As a member of the Communist Party of Poland from 1929, he was repeatedly imprisoned for his activities under the Sanation, Polish government of the time. In 1939 Ochab participated in the Siege of Warsaw (1939), Defense of Warsaw but afterwards moved to the Soviet Union, where he became an early organizer and manager in the Union of Polish Patriots. In 1943, he joined First Polish Army (1944–45), General Berling's Polish Army on the Eastern Front as a political commissar and quickly advanced in its ranks. From 1944 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and a deputy in the State National Council. In 1945, he became minister of public administration and held the successive positions of propaganda chief in the PPR (1945–46), chief of Worker cooperative, cooperative associations (1947–48), and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1983 Disestablishments In Poland
The year 1983 saw both the official beginning of the Internet and the first mobile cellular telephone call. Events January * January 1 – The migration of the ARPANET to Internet protocol suite, TCP/IP is officially completed (this is considered to be the beginning of the true Internet). * January 24 – Twenty-five members of the Red Brigades are sentenced to life imprisonment for the 1978 murder of Italian politician Aldo Moro. * January 25 ** High-ranking Nazism, Nazi war crime, war criminal Klaus Barbie is arrested in Bolivia. ** IRAS is launched from Vandenberg AFB, to conduct the world's first all-sky infrared survey from space. February * February 2 – Giovanni Vigliotto goes on trial on charges of polygamy involving 105 women. * February 3 – Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament, for 1983 Australian federal election, elections on March 5, 1983. As Fraser is being granted the dissolution, Bill Hayden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Parties Established In 1947
Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science. It may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and nonviolent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but also often carries a negative connotation.. The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or limitedly, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising internal and external force, including wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1947 Establishments In Poland
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Events January * January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in the 20th century causes extensive disruption of travel. Given the low ratio of private vehicle ownership at the time, it is mainly remembered in terms of its effects on the railway network. * January 1 - The Canadian Citizenship Act comes into effect. * January 4 – First issue of weekly magazine ''Der Spiegel'' published in Hanover, Germany, edited by Rudolf Augstein. * January 10 – The United Nations adopts a resolution to take control of the free city of Trieste. * January 15 – Elizabeth Short, an aspiring actress nicknamed the "Black Dahlia", is found brutally murdered in a vacant lot in Los Angeles; the mysterious case is never solved. * January 16 – Vincent Auriol is inaugurated as president of France. * January 19 – Ferry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1980 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 23 March 1980.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1980 election exactly duplicated the 1976 elections, which were only marginally different from those of the preceding years. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References Legislative Parliamentary elections in Poland Poland Legislative Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ... Elections in the Polish People's Republic {{Poland-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 21 March 1976. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1976 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1980 election, and were only marginally different from those of the preceding years, and from the 1985 election. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References 1976 in Poland Parliamentary elections in Poland Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ... March 1976 events in Europe Elections in the Polish People's Republic 1976 elections in Poland {{Poland-election-stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1972 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 March 1972. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1965 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1969 and 1972 elections. The results of the next, 1976 election, would be only marginally different. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References 1972 in Poland Parliamentary elections in Poland Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ... March 1972 events in Europe Elections in the Polish People's Republic 1972 elections in Poland {{Poland-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1969 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 1 June 1969.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1969 election were identical to the 1965 elections and were repeated in 1972. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References 1969 in Poland Parliamentary elections in Poland Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ... Elections in the Polish People's Republic June 1969 events in Europe 1969 elections in Poland {{Poland-election-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1965 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 30 May 1965. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the fourth elections to the Sejm, the parliament of the People's Republic of Poland, and fifth in Communist Poland. They took place on 30 May. The lists admitted were controlled by the Front of National Unity (FJN), in turn controlled by the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). The distribution of seats was decided before the elections by the FJN, and electors had no possibility to change it. The results of the 1965 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1969 and 1972 elections. Results As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total. References Further reading *Jerzy Drygalski, Jacek Kwasniewski, ''No-Choice Elections,'' Soviet Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 295–315JSTOR*George Sakwa, Martin Crouch, ''Sejm Elections in Communist Poland: An Ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1961 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 16 April 1961.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the third elections to the Sejm, the parliament of the People's Republic of Poland, and fourth in Communist Poland. They took place on 15 April. Background The 1961 elections followed the liberalized rules prepared for those in 1957, but compared to the situation five years ago the Polish society was much more apathetic and disappointed with the government. The elections, as all the others under the communist regimes in Poland, were not free and the results of the 1961 elections are considered to be falsified, again a common occurrence of that time. The electoral system was very similar to that in East Germany where ostensibly multiple parties were present but their involvement was tempered by mandatory membership of a "unity list" which was ever loyal to the communist hegemony. In practice, electors only had the choice to ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1957 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 20 January 1957.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1491 They were the second election to the Sejm – the unicameral parliament of the People's Republic of Poland, and the third ever in the history of Communist Poland. It took place during the liberalization period, following Władysław Gomułka's ascension to power. Although conducted in a more liberal atmosphere than previous elections, they were far from free. Voters had the option of voting ''against'' some official candidates; ''de facto'' having a small chance to express a vote of no confidence against the government and the ruling Communist Polish United Workers Party. However, as in all Communist countries, there was no opportunity to elect any true opposition members to the Sejm. The elections resulted in a predictable victory for the Front of National Unity, dominated by the PZPR. While the elections were a clear victory for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
