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Freedom Of Information In The United States
Freedom of information in the United States relates to the public's ability to access government records, meetings, and other information. In the United States, freedom of information legislation exists at all levels of government: federal level, state level, and local level. Federal level Since the founding of the United States, the public's right to know the affairs of their government has been foundational democracy. James Madison wrote during the United States Constitutional Convention, "The right of freely examining public characters and measures and free communication, is the only effective guardian of every other right." Several federal laws have strengthened the public's ability to access public records. Federal legislation The most important was the Freedom of Information Act, signed into law on July 4, 1966, by President Lyndon Johnson. * Administrative Procedure Actbr>PL 79-404; 1946* Freedom of Information Actbr>PL 85-619; 1966* Federal Advisory Committee Actb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Of Information Legislation
Freedom of information laws allow access by the general public to data held by national governments and, where applicable, by state and local governments. The emergence of freedom of information legislation was a response to increasing dissatisfaction with the secrecy surrounding government policy development and decision making. In recent years Access to Information Act has also been used. They establish a "right-to-know" legal process by which requests may be made for government-held information, to be received freely or at minimal cost, barring standard exceptions. Also variously referred to as open records, or sunshine laws (in the United States), governments are typically bound by a duty to publish and promote openness. In many countries there are constitutional guarantees for the right of access to information, but these are usually unused if specific support legislation does not exist. Additionally, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 has a target to ensure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alberto R
Alberto is the Romance languages, Romance version of the Latinized form (''Albertus'') of Germanic languages, Germanic ''Albert (given name), Albert''. It is used in Italian language, Italian, Portuguese language, Portuguese and Spanish language, Spanish. The diminutive forms are ''Albertito'' in Spain or ''Albertico'' in some parts of Latin America, Albertino in Italian as well as ''Tuco'' as a Spanish language hypocorism, hypocorism. It derives from the name Adalberto which in turn derives from ''Athala'' (meaning noble) and ''Berth'' (meaning bright). People A * Alberto Abadie (born 1968), Spanish economist * Alberto Abalde (born 1995), Spanish basketball player * Alberto Abarza (born 1984), Chilean Paralympic swimmer * Alberto Abdala (1920–1986), Uruguayan attorney, politician, painter, and Vice President of Uruguay from 1967–1972 * Alberto Abengózar (born 1989), Spanish footballer * Alberto Ablondi (1924–2010), Italian Catholic bishop * Alberto Acereda (born 1965), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massachusetts Public Records Law
__NOTOC__ Massachusetts Public Records Law is a law in Massachusetts detailing what kinds of documents are actually public records. It is a state law that is similar to the federal Freedom of Information Act, which was signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. According to the ''Boston Globe'' newspaper in 2016, "Massachusetts is currently the one state in the country where the Legislature, judiciary, and governor’s office all claim to be completely exempt from the ublic recordslaw." Many voters would welcome more government transparency. For example, in 2020, a "ballot question in 16 house districts found overwhelming support for increasing transparency." Interest groups focusing on the issue include Act on Mass and the New England First Amendment Coalition. Requirements The government and other agencies are required under the Public Records Act to disclose records and documents upon request. There are exemptions to Public Records Act that the government can use to keep c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illinois Freedom Of Information Act
The Illinois Freedom of Information Act (FOIA ), 5 ILCS 140/1 , is an Illinois statute that grants to all persons the right to copy and inspect public records in the state. The law applies to executive and legislative bodies of state government, units of local government, and other entities defined as "public bodies". All records related to governmental business are presumed to be open for inspection by the public, except for information specifically exempted from disclosure by law. The statute is modeled after the federal Freedom of Information Act and serves a similar purpose as freedom of information legislation in the other U.S. states. Once a person submits a request to inspect public records, the public body is required to respond within deadlines specified by FOIA. Under certain circumstances, the public body may charge fees for providing the records. Public bodies may deny access to certain types of information, such as invasions of personal privacy, preliminary draf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colorado Open Records Act
The Colorado Open Records Act (CORA) is the state freedom of information law in Colorado. Enacted in 1969, the legislation was patterned after the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). History and reform efforts Following the passage of the 1977 Criminal Justice Records Act, law enforcement agencies and courts were given discretion to withhold all criminal justice documents with the exception of "records of official action", including arrest and conviction records. In the 21st century, concerns over high fees for filing requests for information and inadequate access to filing systems has led to calls for reforming the law. In 2014, a coalition of lawmakers pushed a proposal to cap charges for filing CORA requests to four times the Colorado minimum wage. In 2020, a ''Denver Post'' investigation discovered wide inconsistencies between state agencies' email retention practices, raising freedom of information concerns. In 2022, a bipartisan coalition in the Colorado Senate led ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
California Public Records Act
The California Public Records Act (Statutes of 1968, Chapter 1473; currently codified as Division 10 of Title 1 of the California Government Code) was a law passed by the California State Legislature and signed by governor Ronald Reagan in 1968 requiring inspection or disclosure of governmental records to the public upon request, unless exempted by law. The law is similar to the Freedom of Information Act, except that "the people have the right of access to information concerning the conduct of the people's business" is enshrined in Article 1 of the California Constitution due to California Proposition 59 (the Sunshine Amendment, 2004). Purpose When the legislature enacted CPRA, it expressly declared that "access to information concerning the conduct of the people's business is a fundamental and necessary right of every person in this state." Indeed, in California "access to government records has been deemed a fundamental interest of citizenship" and has emphasized that "maxi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eric Holder
Eric Himpton Holder Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd United States attorney general from 2009 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Holder was the first African American to hold the position. Born in New York City to a middle-class family of Barbados, Bajan origin, Holder graduated from Stuyvesant High School, Columbia College (New York), Columbia College, and Columbia Law School. Following law school, he worked for the Public Integrity Section of the U.S. Department of Justice for twelve years. He next served as a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia before being appointed by President Bill Clinton as U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia and subsequently U.S. deputy attorney general. Holder prosecuted cases involving government corruption. While U.S. attorney, he prosecuted congressman Dan Rostenkowski for corruption charges related to his role in the Congressional Post Offic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Ashcroft
John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American lawyer, Lobbying, lobbyist, and former politician who served as the 79th United States attorney general under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005. A Republican Party (United States), Republican from Missouri, Ashcroft represented the state in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2001, and held statewide office as the 29th State Auditor of Missouri, auditor (1973–1975), 38th Missouri Attorney General, attorney general (1976–1985), and 50th governor of Missouri (1985–1993). He later founded The Ashcroft Group, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm. Ashcroft graduated from Hillcrest High School (Springfield, Missouri), Hillcrest High School in 1960 before receiving a Bachelor of Arts from Yale College and a Juris Doctor, J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School. After unsuccessfully running for the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives, he was elected Missouri State Auditor in 1974. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janet Reno
Janet Wood Reno (July 21, 1938 – November 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and public official who served as the 78th United States Attorney General, United States attorney general from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Reno was the second-longest serving attorney general, behind only William Wirt (Attorney General), William Wirt, and the first female to serve in the position. Reno was born and raised in Miami, Florida. After leaving to attend Cornell University and Harvard Law School, she returned to Miami where she started her career at private law firms. Her first foray into government was as a staff member for the Judiciary Committee of the Florida House of Representatives. She then worked for the Dade County State Attorney's Office before returning to private practice. She was elected to the Office of State Attorney five times and was the first woman to serve as a state attorney in Florida. Pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William French Smith
William French Smith II (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer and the 74th United States Attorney General. After attaining his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1942, Smith went on to join the law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP in 1946. Smith became acquainted with California governor candidate Ronald Reagan in 1966, after which Reagan appointed him to the University of California Board of Regents. Smith was nominated for U.S. Attorney General shortly after Reagan's victory in the 1980 United States presidential election, assuming the title on January 23, 1981, and serving until February 25, 1985. Smith contributed to Reagan's administration by supporting his stances on welfare, crime, bail, prison sentencing for gun-related crimes, the Internal Revenue Service, immigration, corporate mergers, anti-competitive practices, the Freedom of Information Act, and illegal drug trade. After his tenure as Attorney General, Smith went back to work fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griffin Bell
Griffin Boyette Bell (October 31, 1918 – January 5, 2009) was the 72nd Attorney General of the United States, having served under President Jimmy Carter. Previously, he was a U.S. circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. Education and career Born on October 31, 1918, in Americus, Georgia. He served in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946 in the Quartermaster Corps and Transportation Corps. He was stationed at Fort Lee, Virginia. He attained the rank of major. After leaving the army, Bell received a Bachelor of Laws in 1948 from Mercer University School of Law. He entered private practice in Savannah, Georgia from 1948 to 1952. He was in private practice in Rome, Georgia from 1952 to 1953 and then was in private practice at King & Spalding in Atlanta, Georgia from 1953 to 1961. He was chief of staff to Governor Ernest Vandiver from 1959 to 1961. Federal judicial service Bell received a recess appointment from President John F. Kennedy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whitehouse
Whitehouse may refer to: People * Charles S. Whitehouse (1921–2001), American diplomat * Cornelius Whitehouse (1796–1883), English engineer and inventor * E. Sheldon Whitehouse (1883–1965), American diplomat * Elliott Whitehouse (born 1993), English footballer * Eula Whitehouse (1892–1974), American botanist * Frederick William Whitehouse (1900–1973), Australian geologist * Jimmy Whitehouse (footballer, born 1924) (1924–2005), English footballer * Mary Whitehouse (1910–2001), British Christian morality campaigner * Morris H. Whitehouse (1878–1944), American architect * Paul Whitehouse (born 1958), Welsh comedian and actor * Paul Whitehouse (police officer) (born 1944) * Sheldon Whitehouse (born 1955), American politician from the state of Rhode Island * Wildman Whitehouse (1816–1890), English surgeon and chief electrician for the transatlantic telegraph cable Places ;in the United Kingdom * Whitehouse, Aberdeenshire, location of the Whitehouse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
