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Fort Du Trou-d'Enfer
The Fort du Trou-d'Enfer, also known as the Réduit du Trou-d'Enfer, is one of the fortifications of Paris, It is located in Marly-le-Roi, in the departement of Yvelines. The fort was built between 1878 and 1881 for a garrison of 800 men. It was termed a ''réduit'' for its position surrounded by several smaller batteries. The fort was occupied by the Germans during World War II, who blew up their ammunition when they evacuated the fort in August 1944, damaging the fort. The fort is named for the farm on whose land it sits, the ''ferme du trou-d'enfer'', literally "Hellhole Farm." History In 1870 France was partly occupied by the Prussian Army. Following this defeat, France put in place the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications to modernize its fortifications and to adjust its defensive strategy to the new borders imposed in 1871. The portion of the system surrounding Paris amounted to 18 forts, 5 redoubts and 34 batteries constructed between 1874 and 1881, of which the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fortifications Of Paris In The 19th And 20th Centuries
The fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries comprise: *The Thiers Wall, surrounding the city of Paris, and farther from the city, *The detached forts and their complementary fieldworks. They were built in two stages: *1840–1845: the Thiers Wall and the first ring of forts, about five kilometers from the city; *1874–1885: the second ring of forts, about twenty kilometers from the city. From a military point of view, Paris is a fortified camp situated in Paris Basin, a basin. During the 19th century, both Prussian invasions (1814–15 and 1870) saw the bombardment of Paris from the surrounding heights. Fortifications were extended outwards after each invasion as the range of artillery continued to develop, in order to deny the use of the heights to the enemy. Chronology Louis XIV 1670 The king demolishes the walls of Wall of Charles V, Paris, Charles V and Louis XIII. Paris becomes an open city and remains so for two centuries. 1689 Vauban recommends th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albert Dovecar
Albert Dovecar (19 July 1937 – 7 June 1962) was a sergeant in the French 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment of the French Foreign Legion. He was executed by firing squad at the Fort du Trou d'Enfer for his part in the assassination of French National Police Divisional Commissaire Roger Gavoury during the Algerian War. Biography Dovecar was born at Tužno in Croatia. He enlisted in the Foreign Legion on 5 April 1957 at Marseille under the name of "Paul Dodevart," claiming birth in Vienna, Austria on 20 February 1938. After training at the Foreign Legion training base at Mascara, he was assigned to the 1st Parachute Regiment (Foreign Legion). Dovecar took back his original name on his promotion to sergeant on 16 June 1960. Dovecar participated in the Algerian War, receiving three citations and one combat wound. After his participation in the Algiers putsch of 1961 The Algiers putsch (french: Putsch d'Alger or ), also known as the Generals' putsch (''Putsch des gén ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort De Bois-d'Arcy
The Fort de Bois-d'Arcy, also called the Batterie de Bois-d'Arcy, is one of the forts constructed at the end of the 19th century to defend Paris. It is located in the commune of Bois d'Arcy in the Yvelines département of France. The fort is located in the southern part of the town to the south of Route nationale 12. It is now the home of the French national film archives, the Centre national de la cinématographie. History Built between 1874 and 1881, the fort was planned to reinforce the western fortifications of Paris. The southwestern forts were designed to cover the approach of a relieving army from the western portions of France. The Bois-d'Arcy fort protected the neighboring Fort de Saint-Cyr, Versailles and the Camp de Satory, covering the Trappes valley and railway lines from Le Havre and Tours. During World War II the fort was occupied by German forces. Before leaving, the Germans blew up the front of the fort in 1944. Film depository During the 1960s the fort was pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort De Saint-Cyr
The Fort de Saint-Cyr, located in the commune of Montigny-le-Bretonneux, (Yvelines), is one of the forts built at the end of the 19th century to defend Paris. After the first world war the fort was used as an army weather station and arms depot. Classed in 1992 as a monument historique, it is now used as a film depository for the preservation of movies under the Cinémathèque française. History In 1870, France was partly occupied by the Prussian army. As a result of this defeat, the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications was planned and constructed to defend Paris. In total, 18 forts, five redoubts and 34 batteries were built around Paris between 1874 and 1881. Construction was authorized on 27 March 1874 for a fort to protect the town of Saint-Cyr-l'École. The fort itself was located in what was then the commune of Bois d'Arcy, now in the town limits of Montigny-le-Bretonneux. Construction on the Fort de Saint-Cyr began in May 1875 and was completed in 1879, with tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Du Haut-Buc
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ("to make"). From very early history to modern times, defensive walls have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Some settlements in the Indus Valley civilization were the first small cities to be fortified. In ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae (famous for the huge stone blocks of its 'cyclopean' walls). A Greek '' phrourion'' was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military garrison, and is the equivalent of the Roman castellum or English fortress. These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and borders. Though smaller than a real fortress, they acte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batterie Du Ravin De Bouviers
Battery most often refers to: * Electric battery, a device that provides electrical power * Battery (crime), a crime involving unlawful physical contact Battery may also refer to: Energy source *Automotive battery, a device to provide power to certain functions of an automobile * List of battery types *Energy storage, including batteries that are not electrochemical Law * Battery (tort), a civil wrong in common law of intentional harmful or offensive contact Military and naval uses * Artillery battery, an organized group of artillery pieces ** Main battery, the primary weapons of a warship ** Secondary battery (artillery), the smaller guns on a warship * Battery, a position of a cartridge in a firearm action Arts and entertainment Music * Battery (electro-industrial band) * Battery (hardcore punk band) * "Battery", a song by Metallica from the 1986 album '' Master of Puppets'' * Marching percussion ensemble, frequently known as a battery * Battery, a software music ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batterie De Bouviers
The Batterie de Bouviers is located in the commune of Guyancourt, Yvelines, France. It is a former fortification built beginning in 1879 and occupied by the army until 1932. From 1933 it was leased by the Hispano Suiza company as a factory, surrounded by other industrial structures. The site was abandoned by Hispano Suiza in 1990, and was sold by the Ministry of Defense in 1999. In 2006 the battery became the "Cafe Musiques", surrounded by office buildings and a music school. History In 1870 France was partly occupied by the Prussian army. Following that defeat, France instituted the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications, with a new outer ring of fortifications to defend Paris from long-range artillery bombardment. 18 forts, five redoubts and 34 batteries were built between 1874 and 1881. The Batterie de Bouviers was built between 1877 and 1879 as part of this project, near the village of Bouviers in the town of Guyancourt. Since the battery was built the town has expande ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Forests Office
The National Forests Office (french: Office national des forêts), or ONF, is a Government of France agency that manages the state forests, city forests and biological reserves. ONF is based in Paris. The office is responsible for the sustainable management of France's approximately 10 million hectares of public forests. The ONF takes over their protection and carries out forestry policing tasks. Around 9,000 civil servants work at the ONF and its regional offices. ONF is under legislation of Ministère de l'Agriculture and Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire. History ONF was founded in 1964. Since 1980, almost a third of the ONF workforce has been cut. The agency had gone through a series of structural reforms in the 2000s. ''Le Monde'' reported in 2012 that 30 forest officials took their own lives between 2002 and 2012. An internal analysis reported demotivation at the workplace, a high level of stress and a serious risk of psychosocial disorder for ONF empl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Piegts
Claude Piegts (1 January 1934 – 7 June 1962) was a pied-noir and a member of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS). As a member of the OAS's Commando Delta, Piegts participated in the assassination of the Police Commissar of Algiers, for which he was condemned to death. Biography A salesman in Algiers, Claude Piegts belonged to the Commando Delta under the orders of Lieutenant Roger Degueldre during the Algerian War. He participated with Albert Dovecar Albert Dovecar (19 July 1937 – 7 June 1962) was a sergeant in the French 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment of the French Foreign Legion. He was executed by firing squad at the Fort du Trou d'Enfer for his part in the assassination of Frenc ... in the assassination of Police Commissaire Roger Gavoury on 31 May 1961. Piegts was found guilty of the crime and sentenced to death. He was executed by firing squad on 7 June 1962 at the Fort du Trou d'Enfer, along with Dovecar. Claude Piegts was buried in the cemetery ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organisation De L'armée Secrète
An organization or organisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is an entity—such as a company, an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose. The word is derived from the Greek word ''organon'', which means tool or instrument, musical instrument, and organ. Types There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, political organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions, etc. A hybrid organization is a body that operates in both the public sector and the private sector simultaneously, fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities. A voluntary association is an organization consisting of volunteers. Such organizations may be able to operate without legal formalities, depending on jurisdiction, includi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Séré De Rivières System
The system was named after Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières, its originator. The system was an ensemble of fortifications built from 1874 along the frontiers and coasts of France. The fortresses were obsolescent by 1914 but were used during the First World War. Background Following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, France found itself seriously weakened and isolated from the rest of Europe, menaced by Germany and stung by the loss of Alsace-Lorraine. At the same time as the departure of the last German troops, France created the Defence Committee (), which was active between 1872 and 1888, whose mission was to reorganize the defence of the French frontiers and coasts. It was necessary to compensate for the lost territories of the north-east; to modernise old fortifications, which had been shown to be wanting in the last war and to create new fortifications proof against modern weaponry using new and more powerful explosives. The committee was created by a preside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
