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Foreground And Background (other)
Foreground and background or background and foreground may refer to: *Background, foreground, sideground and postground intellectual property, distinct forms of intellectual property assets *Background subtraction, a technique in image processing and computer vision by which an image's foreground is extracted for further processing *Figure–ground (perception), a humans' ability to separate foreground from background in visual images *Foreground-background, a scheduling algorithm that is used to control execution of multiple processes on a single processor *Foreground-background segmentation, a method for studying change blindness using photographs with distinct foreground and background scenery *Foreground detection, a concept in computer vision to detect changes in image sequences *Foreground and background in photography and cinematography, a principle important for **Depth of field, the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Background, Foreground, Sideground And Postground Intellectual Property
In the context of research and development (R&D) collaborations, background, foreground, sideground and postground intellectual property (IP) are four distinct forms of intellectual property assets. These are included in the broader and more general categories of knowledge in R&D collaborations or open innovation. While background and foreground IP and knowledge are fairly established concepts, sideground and postground IP and knowledge have more recently been added to the conceptual vocabulary. This set of four concepts was first introduced by Prof. Ove Granstrand in a European Commission report in 2001. The four knowledge/IP types are defined by Granstrand and Holgersson (2014): *Background knowledge/IP is knowledge/IP that is relevant to a collaborative venture or open innovation project that is supplied by the partners at the start of the project. *Foreground knowledge/IP is all the knowledge/IP produced within the collaborative venture or open innovation project during the pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Background Subtraction
Background may refer to: Performing arts and stagecraft * Background actor * Background artist * Background light * Background music * Background story * Background vocals * ''Background'' (play), a 1950 play by Warren Chetham-Strode Recorded works * ''Background'' (1953 film), a British drama * ''Background'' (1973 film), a documentary * ''Background'' (TV series), a Canadian journalistic television series * ''Background'' (Lifetime album), 1992 * ''Background'' (Bassi Maestro album), 2002 Science and engineering * Background extinction rate * Background independence, a condition in theoretical physics * Background noise * Background radiation, the natural radiation that is always present in a location ** Background (astronomy), small amounts of light coming from otherwise dark parts of the sky ** Cosmic background (other) ** Gravitational wave background ** X-ray background * Background process, software that is running but not being displayed * String ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Figure–ground (perception)
Figure–ground organization is a type of perceptual grouping that is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision. In Gestalt psychology it is known as identifying a ''figure'' from the back''ground''. For example, black words on a printed paper are seen as the "figure", and the white sheet as the "background". Gestalt psychology The Gestalt theory was founded in the 20th century in Austria and Germany as a reaction against the associationist and structural schools’ atomistic orientation. In 1912, the Gestalt school was formed by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka. The word "gestalt" is a German word translated to English as "pattern" or "configuration." Gestalt concepts can also be referred to as "holism." Gestalt Psychologists were attempting to humanize what was considered a sterile approach. Gestalt psychology establishes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. The concepts explored by Wertheimer, Köhler, and Koffka in the 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreground-background
Foreground-background is a scheduling algorithm that is used to control an execution of multiple processes on a single processor. It is based on two waiting lists, the first one is called foreground because this is the one in which all processes initially enter, and the second one is called background because all processes, after using all of their execution time in foreground, are moved to background. When a process becomes ready it begins its execution in foreground immediately, forcing the processor to give up execution of the current process in the background and execute the newly created process for a predefined period. This period is usually 2 or more quanta. If the process is not finished after its execution in the foreground it is moved to background waiting list where it will be executed only when the foreground list is empty. After being moved to the background, the process is then run longer than before, usually 4 quanta. The time of execution is increased because the pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Change Blindness
Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For example, observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again. People's poor ability to detect changes has been argued to reflect fundamental limitations of human attention. Change blindness has become a highly researched topic and some have argued that it may have important practical implications in areas such as eyewitness testimony and distractions while driving. History Early anecdotal observations Outside of the domain of psychology, phenomena related to change blindness have been discussed since the 19th century. When film editing was introduced in movies, editors began to notice that changes to the background were not noticed by those watching the film. Going back earlier, William James (1842–1910) was the first to mention the lack of ability to detect change in his book ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreground Detection
Foreground and background or background and foreground may refer to: *Background, foreground, sideground and postground intellectual property, distinct forms of intellectual property assets * Background subtraction, a technique in image processing and computer vision by which an image's foreground is extracted for further processing *Figure–ground (perception), a humans' ability to separate foreground from background in visual images *Foreground-background, a scheduling algorithm that is used to control execution of multiple processes on a single processor *Foreground-background segmentation, a method for studying change blindness using photographs with distinct foreground and background scenery *Foreground detection, a concept in computer vision to detect changes in image sequences *Foreground and background in photography and cinematography, a principle important for **Depth of field, the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Depth Of Field
The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image captured with a camera. Factors affecting depth of field For cameras that can only focus on one object distance at a time, depth of field is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus. "Acceptably sharp focus" is defined using a property called the "circle of confusion". The depth of field can be determined by focal length, distance to subject, the acceptable circle of confusion size, and aperture. Limitations of depth of field can sometimes be overcome with various techniques and equipment. The approximate depth of field can be given by: : \text \approx \frac for a given circle of confusion (c), focal length (f), f-number (N), and distance to subject (u). As distance or the size of the acceptable circle of confusion increases, the depth of field increases; however, increasing the size of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deep Focus
Deep focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique using a large depth of field. Depth of field is the front-to-back range of focus in an image, or how much of it appears sharp and clear. In deep focus, the foreground, middle ground, and background are all in focus. Deep focus is normally achieved by choosing a small aperture. Since the aperture of a camera determines how much light enters through the lens, achieving deep focus requires a bright scene or long exposure. A wide-angle lens also makes a larger portion of the image appear sharp. It is also possible to achieve the illusion of deep focus with optical tricks (split-focus diopter) or by compositing two or more images together. The opposite of deep focus is shallow focus, in which the plane of the image that is in focus is very shallow. For example, the foreground might be in focus while the middle-ground and background are out-of-focus. When avoiding deep focus is used specifically for aesthetic effect—especiall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fill Flash
Fill flash is a photographic technique used to brighten deep shadow areas, typically outdoors on sunny days, though the technique is useful any time the background is significantly brighter than the subject of the photograph, particularly in backlit subjects. To use fill flash, the aperture and shutter speed are adjusted to correctly expose the background, and the flash is fired to lighten the foreground. Most point and shoot cameras include a fill flash mode that forces the flash to fire, even in bright light. Depending on the distance to the subject, using the full power of the flash may greatly overexpose the subject especially at close range. Certain cameras allow the level of flash to be manually adjusted e.g. 1/3, 1/2, or 1/8 power, so that both the foreground and background are correctly exposed, or allow an automatic flash exposure compensation. Pros and cons of near-axis fill flash The advantage of using a fill flash located near the lens axis is "normalizing" exposur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photography
Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photolithography), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication. Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. The result with photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image, which is later chemically "developed" into a visible image, either negative or positive, depending on the purp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Front Projection Effect
A front projection effect is an in-camera visual effects process in film production for combining foreground performance with pre-filmed background footage. In contrast to rear projection, which projects footage onto a screen from behind the performers, front projection projects the pre-filmed material over the performers and onto a highly reflective background surface. Description In contrast to rear projection, in front projection the background image is projected onto both the performer and a highly reflective background screen, with the result that the projected image is bounced off the screen and into the lens of a camera. This is achieved by having a screen made of a retroreflective material such as Scotchlite, a product of the 3M company that is also used to make screens for movie theaters. Such material is made from millions of glass beads affixed to the surface of the cloth. These glass beads reflect light back only in the direction from which it came, far more eff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parallax Scrolling
Parallax scrolling is a technique in computer graphics where background images move past the camera more slowly than foreground images, creating an illusion of depth in a 2D scene of distance. The technique grew out of the multiplane camera technique used in traditional animation since the 1930s. Parallax scrolling was popularized in 2D computer graphics with its introduction to video games in the early 1980s. Some parallax scrolling was used in the arcade video game ''Jump Bug'' (1981). It used a limited form of parallax scrolling with the main scene scrolling while the starry night sky is fixed and clouds move slowly, adding depth to the scenery. The following year, ''Moon Patrol'' (1982) implemented a full form of parallax scrolling, with three separate background layers scrolling at different speeds, simulating the distance between them. ''Moon Patrol'' is often credited with popularizing parallax scrolling. '' Jungle King'' (1982), later called ''Jungle Hunt'', also had par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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