|
Fluent Interface
In software engineering, a fluent interface is an object-oriented API whose design relies extensively on method chaining. Its goal is to increase code legibility by creating a domain-specific language (DSL). The term was coined in 2005 by Eric Evans and Martin Fowler. Implementation A fluent interface is normally implemented by using method chaining to implement method cascading (in languages that do not natively support cascading), concretely by having each method return the object to which it is attached, often referred to as this or self. Stated more abstractly, a fluent interface relays the instruction context of a subsequent call in method chaining, where generally the context is * Defined through the return value of a called method * Self-referential, where the new context is equivalent to the last context * Terminated through the return of a void context Note that a "fluent interface" means more than just method cascading via chaining; it entails designing an inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Engineering
Software engineering is a branch of both computer science and engineering focused on designing, developing, testing, and maintaining Application software, software applications. It involves applying engineering design process, engineering principles and computer programming expertise to develop software systems that meet user needs. The terms ''programmer'' and ''coder'' overlap ''software engineer'', but they imply only the construction aspect of a typical software engineer workload. A software engineer applies a software development process, which involves defining, Implementation, implementing, Software testing, testing, Project management, managing, and Software maintenance, maintaining software systems, as well as developing the software development process itself. History Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field of engineering. The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NUnit
NUnit is an open-source unit testing framework for the .NET Framework and Mono. It serves the same purpose as JUnit does in the Java world, and is one of many programs in the xUnit family. Features * Tests can be run from a console runner, within Visual Studio through a Test Adapter, or through 3rd party runners. * Tests can be run in parallel. * Strong support for data driven tests. * Supports multiple platforms including .NET Core, Xamarin Mobile, Compact Framework and Silverlight. * Every test case can be added to one or more categories, to allow for selective running. NUnit provides a console runner (nunit3-console.exe), which is used for batch execution of tests. The console runner works through the NUnit Test Engine, which provides it with the ability to load, explore and execute tests. When tests are to be run in a separate process, the engine makes use of the nunit-agent program to run them. The NUnitLite runner may be used in situations where a simpler runner is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Python (programming Language)
Python is a high-level programming language, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is type system#DYNAMIC, dynamically type-checked and garbage collection (computer science), garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured programming, structured (particularly procedural programming, procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive standard library. Guido van Rossum began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC (programming language), ABC programming language, and he first released it in 1991 as Python 0.9.0. Python 2.0 was released in 2000. Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gradual Typing
Gradual typing is a type system that lies in between static typing and dynamic typing. Some variables and expressions may be given types and the correctness of the typing is checked at compile time (which is ''static typing'') and some expressions may be left untyped and eventual type errors are reported at runtime (which is ''dynamic typing''). Gradual typing allows software developers to choose either type paradigm as appropriate, from within a single language. In many cases gradual typing is added to an existing dynamic language, creating a derived language allowing but not requiring static typing to be used. In some cases a language uses gradual typing from the start. History The term was coined by Jeremy Siek, who developed gradual typing in 2006 with Walid Taha. Implementation In gradual typing, a special type named ''dynamic'' is used to represent statically-unknown types. The notion of type equality is replaced by a new relation called ''consistency'' that relates th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raku (programming Language)
Raku is a member of the Perl family of programming languages. Formerly named Perl 6, it was renamed in October 2019. Raku introduces elements of many modern and historical languages. Compatibility with Perl was not a goal, though a compatibility mode is part of the specification. The design process for Raku began in 2000. History The Raku design process was first announced on 19 July 2000, on the fourth day of that year's O'Reilly Open Source Convention, Perl Conference, by Larry Wall in his ''Perl#State of the Onion, State of the Onion 2000'' talk. At that time, the primary goals were to remove "historical warts" from the language; "easy things should stay easy, hard things should get easier, and impossible things should get hard"; and a general cleanup of the internal design and application programming interfaces (APIs). The process began with a series of Request for Comments (RFCs). This process was open to all contributors, and left no aspect of the language closed to chang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixin
In object-oriented programming languages, a mixin (or mix-in) is a class that contains methods for use by other classes without having to be the parent class of those other classes. How those other classes gain access to the mixin's methods depends on the language. Mixins are sometimes described as being "included" rather than "inherited". Mixins encourage code reuse and can be used to avoid the inheritance ambiguity that multiple inheritance can cause (the " diamond problem"), or to work around lack of support for multiple inheritance in a language. A mixin can also be viewed as an interface with implemented methods. This pattern is an example of enforcing the dependency inversion principle. History Mixins first appeared in Symbolics's object-oriented Flavors system (developed by Howard Cannon), which was an approach to object-orientation used in Lisp Machine Lisp. The name was inspired by Steve's Ice Cream Parlor in Somerville, Massachusetts: The owner of the ice cream ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scala (programming Language)
Scala ( ) is a strongly statically typed high-level general-purpose programming language that supports both object-oriented programming and functional programming. Designed to be concise, many of Scala's design decisions are intended to address criticisms of Java. Scala source code can be compiled to Java bytecode and run on a Java virtual machine (JVM). Scala can also be transpiled to JavaScript to run in a browser, or compiled directly to a native executable. When running on the JVM, Scala provides language interoperability with Java so that libraries written in either language may be referenced directly in Scala or Java code. Like Java, Scala is object-oriented, and uses a syntax termed '' curly-brace'' which is similar to the language C. Since Scala 3, there is also an option to use the off-side rule (indenting) to structure blocks, and its use is advised. Martin Odersky has said that this turned out to be the most productive change introduced in Scala 3. Unlike J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mock Object
In computer science, a mock object is an object that imitates a production object in limited ways. A programmer might use a mock object as a test double for software testing. A mock object can also be used in generic programming. Analogy A mock object can be useful to the software tester like a car designer uses a crash test dummy to simulate a human in a vehicle impact. Motivation In a unit test, mock objects can simulate the behavior of complex, real objects and are therefore useful when a real object is impractical or impossible to incorporate into a unit test. If an object has any of the following characteristics, it may be useful to use a mock object in its place: * it supplies non-deterministic results (e.g. the current time or the current temperature) * it has states that are difficult to create or reproduce (e.g. a network error) * it is slow (e.g. a complete database, which would have to be prepared before the test) * it does not yet exist or may change behavior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binary Expression Tree
A binary expression tree is a specific kind of a binary tree used to represent expressions. Two common types of expressions that a binary expression tree can represent are algebraic and boolean. These trees can represent expressions that contain both unary and binary operators. Like any binary tree, each node of a binary expression tree has zero, one, or two children. This restricted structure simplifies the processing of expression trees. Construction of an expression tree Example The input in postfix notation is: a b + c d e + * * Since the first two symbols are operands, one-node trees are created and pointers to them are pushed onto a stack. For convenience the stack will grow from left to right. The next symbol is a '+'. It pops the two pointers to the trees, a new tree is formed, and a pointer to it is pushed onto the stack. Next, c, d, and e are read. A one-node tree is created for each and a pointer to the corresponding tree is pushed onto the stack. Conti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Java Object Oriented Querying
jOOQ Object Oriented Querying, commonly known as jOOQ, is a light database-mapping software library in Java that implements the active record pattern. Its purpose is to be both relational and object oriented by providing a domain-specific language to construct queries from classes generated from a database schema. Paradigm jOOQ claims that SQL should come first in any database integration. Thus, it does not introduce a new textual query language, but rather allows for constructing plain SQL from jOOQ objects and code generated from a database schema. jOOQ uses JDBC to call the underlying SQL queries. While it provides abstraction on top of JDBC, jOOQ does not have as much functionality and complexity as standard object–relational mapping libraries such as EclipseLink or Hibernate. jOOQ's closeness to SQL has advantages over typical object–relational mapping libraries. SQL has many features that cannot be used in an object oriented programming paradigm; this set of di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operator Overloading
In computer programming, operator overloading, sometimes termed ''operator ad hoc polymorphism'', is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by a programming language, a programmer, or both. Rationale Operator overloading is syntactic sugar, and is used because it allows programming using notation nearer to the target domain and allows user-defined types a similar level of syntactic support as types built into a language. It is common, for example, in scientific computing, where it allows computing representations of mathematical objects to be manipulated with the same syntax as on paper. Operator overloading does not change the expressive power of a language (with functions), as it can be emulated using function calls. For example, consider variables , and of some user-defined type, such as matrices: In a language that supports operator overloadin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
