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Fecal Shield
The fecal shield is a structure formed by the larvae of many species of beetles in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae.Nogueira-de-Sá, F. and J. R. Trigo. (2002)Do fecal shields provide physical protection to larvae of the tortoise beetles ''Plagiometriona flavescens'' and ''Stolas chalybea'' against natural enemies?''Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata'' 104(1) 203-06. It is composed of the frass of the insect and often its exuviae, or bits of shed exoskeleton. The beetle may carry the shield on its back or wield it upon its posterior end. The main function of the fecal shield is defense against predators.Bacher, S. and S. Luder. (2005)Picky predators and the function of the faecal shield of a cassidine larva.''Functional Ecology'' 19(2) 263–72. Other terms for the fecal shield noted in the literature include "larval clothing", "''kotanhang''" ("fecal appendage"), "faecal mask", "faecal pad", and "exuvio-faecal annex". Ecology Beetle larvae of the chrysomelid subfamilie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cassida Viridis Schildkäfer (Chrysomelidae)
''Cassida'' is a large Old World genus of tortoise beetles in the subfamily Cassidinae. The natural history of Cassida sphaerula in South Africa is a typical life cycle. Several species of ''Cassida'' are important agricultural pests, in particular '' C. vittata'' and '' C. nebulosa'' on sugar beet and spinach. The thistle tortoise beetle (''Cassida rubiginosa'') has been used as a biological control agent against Canada thistle ''Cirsium arvense'' is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and western Asia, northern Africa and widely introduced species, introduced elsewhere.Joint Nature Conservation Committee''Cirsium a .... There are at least 430 described species in ''Cassida''. It is the most specioise genus of the subfamily Cassidinae. See also * List of Cassida species References Further reading * * * External links * Chrysomelidae genera Cassidinae Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus {{Cassidinae-st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thatching
Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (''Cladium mariscus''), rushes, heather, or palm branches, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. Since the bulk of the vegetation stays dry and is densely packed—trapping air—thatching also functions as insulation. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost local vegetation. By contrast, in some developed countries it is the choice of some affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home, would like a more ecologically friendly roof, or who have purchased an originally thatched abode. History Thatching methods have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation, and numerous descriptions of the materials and methods used in Europe over the past three centuries survive in archives and early publica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cassida
''Cassida'' is a large Old World genus of tortoise beetles in the subfamily Cassidinae. The natural history of Cassida sphaerula in South Africa is a typical life cycle. Several species of ''Cassida'' are important agricultural pests, in particular '' C. vittata'' and '' C. nebulosa'' on sugar beet and spinach. The thistle tortoise beetle (''Cassida rubiginosa'') has been used as a biological control agent against Canada thistle ''Cirsium arvense'' is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and western Asia, northern Africa and widely introduced species, introduced elsewhere.Joint Nature Conservation Committee''Cirsium a .... There are at least 430 described species in ''Cassida''. It is the most specioise genus of the subfamily Cassidinae. See also * List of Cassida species References Further reading * * * External links * Chrysomelidae genera Cassidinae Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus {{Cassidinae-st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formica Subsericea
''Formica subsericea'', colloquially known as the black field ant, is a species of ant in the genus ''Formica''. It is found in the eastern United States and Canada. Workers of this species are incredibly fast and quite timid. Workers of this species are commonly found working as slaves in ''Polyergus'' colonies. Nuptial flights typically occur in July or August. It is often confused with another ''Formica'' species, '' Formica fusca''. The larvae of Microdon megalogaster, a member of the ant fly genus, have been observed in the nests of these ants. The Inquiline In zoology, an inquiline (from Latin ''inquilinus'', "lodger" or "tenant") is an animal that lives commensally in the nest, burrow, or dwelling place of an animal of another species. For example, some organisms such as insects may live in the h ... relationship of these fly larvae is not well understood. References External links * subsericea Hymenoptera of North America Insects described in 1836 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solanum Dulcamara
''Solanum dulcamara'' is a species of vine in the genus ''Solanum'' (which also includes the potato and the tomato) of the family Solanaceae. Common names include bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, bitter nightshade, blue bindweed, Amara Dulcis, climbing nightshade, felonwort, fellenwort, felonwood, poisonberry, poisonflower, scarlet berry, snakeberry, trailing bittersweet, trailing nightshade, violet bloom, and woody nightshade. It is native to Europe and Asia, and widely naturalised elsewhere, including North America. Overview It occurs in a very wide range of habitats, from woodlands to scrubland, hedges and marshes. ''Solanum dulcamara'' is a very woody herbaceous perennial vine, which scrambles over other plants, capable of reaching a height of 4 m where suitable support is available, but more often 1–2 m high. The leaves are 4–12 cm long, roughly arrowhead-shaped, and often lobed at the base. The flowers are in loose clusters of 3–20, 1–1.5 cm across, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plagiometriona Clavata
''Plagiometriona'' is a genus of tortoise beetles in the family Chrysomelidae The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle .... Several species occurring in Central and North America have sometimes been classified under a separate genus, '' Helocassis'', but North American researchers continue to treat ''Helocassis'' as a junior synonym. Selected species * '' Plagiometriona ambigena'' * '' Plagiometriona bremei'' (Boheman, 1855) * '' Plagiometriona buqueti'' (Boheman, 1855) * '' Plagiometriona clavata'' (Fabricius, 1798) * '' Plagiometriona costaricensis'' * '' Plagiometriona crucipennis'' (Boheman, 1855) * '' Plagiometriona diffusa'' * '' Plagiometriona distorta'' (Boheman, 1855) * '' Plagiometriona dodonea'' * '' Plagiometriona dorsosignata'' * '' Plagiometriona flavescens'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytol
Phytol (florasol, phytosol) is an acyclic hydrogenated diterpene alcohol that can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. In ruminants, the gut fermentation of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, which is then converted to phytanic acid and stored in fats. In shark liver it yields pristane. Human pathology Refsum disease (also known as adult Refsum disease) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in the accumulation of toxic stores of phytanic acid in tissues and frequently manifests as a variable combination of peripheral polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, and hearing loss. Although humans cannot derive phytanic acid from chlorophyll, they can convert free phytol into phytanic acid. Thus, patients with Refsum disease should limit their intake of phytanic acid and free phytol. The amount of free phytol in numerous food products has been reported. Roles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saponin
Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + "-in", one of), also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water. They are widely distributed but found particularly in soapwort (genus Saponaria), a flowering plant, the soapbark tree (''Quillaja saponaria'') and soybeans (''Glycine max'' L.). They are used in soaps, medicinals, fire extinguishers, speciously as dietary supplements, for synthesis of steroids, and in carbonated beverages (the head on a mug of root beer). Structurally, they are glycosides, sugars bonded to another organic molecule, usually a steroid or triterpene, a steroid building block. Saponins are both water and fat soluble, which gives them their useful soap properties. Some examples of these chemicals are glycyrrhizin, licorice flavoring; and quillaia (alt. quillaja), a bark extract used in beverages. Uses The saponins are a subclass of terpenoids, the larges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids xumuk.ru Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including , , Medicinal plant, plants, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they generally mediate ecological interactions, which may produce a selective advantage for the organism by increasing its survivability or fecundity. Specific secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs. The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, a 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology in 1910. 30 years later a Polish botanist Friedrich Czapek described secondary metabolit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cassida Stigmatica
''Cassida'' is a large Old World genus of tortoise beetles in the subfamily Cassidinae. The natural history of Cassida sphaerula in South Africa is a typical life cycle. Several species of ''Cassida'' are important agricultural pests, in particular '' C. vittata'' and '' C. nebulosa'' on sugar beet and spinach. The thistle tortoise beetle (''Cassida rubiginosa'') has been used as a biological control agent against Canada thistle ''Cirsium arvense'' is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and western Asia, northern Africa and widely introduced species, introduced elsewhere.Joint Nature Conservation Committee''Cirsium a .... There are at least 430 described species in ''Cassida''. It is the most specioise genus of the subfamily Cassidinae. See also * List of Cassida species References Further reading * * * External links * Chrysomelidae genera Cassidinae Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus {{Cassidinae- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moulting
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer layer or covering), either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle. In medieval times it was also known as "mewing" (from the French verb "muer", to moult), a term that lives on in the name of Britain's Royal Mews where the King's hawks used to be kept during moulting time before becoming horse stables after Tudor times. Moulting can involve shedding the Epidermis (skin), epidermis (skin), pelage (hair, feathers, fur, wool), or other external layer. In some groups, other body parts may be shed, for example, the entire exoskeleton in arthropods, including the wings in some insects. Examples In birds In birds, moulting is the periodic replacement of feathers by shedding old feathers while producing new o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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