|
FTP-MOI
The Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée (FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the ''Francs-tireurs et partisans'' (FTP) organization, a component of the French Resistance. A wing composed mostly of foreigners, the MOI maintained an armed force to oppose the German occupation of France during World War II. The Main-d'œuvre immigrée was the "Immigrant Movement" of the FTP. The last surviving member of the FTP-MOI's Manouchian Group, resistance fighter Arsène Tchakarian, died in August 2018. History The FTP-MOI groups were organized in the Paris region in 1941, at the same time as the ''Francs-tireurs et partisans''. Their ranks were filled with foreign communists living in France who were not part of the French Communist Party. Although integrated with the ''FTP'', these groups depended directly on Jacques Duclos, who passed on orders from the Communist International (Comintern). The national manager of the MOI was Adam Rayski, who recommended members for the FTP- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boris Holban
Boris Holban (20 April 1908 – 27 June 2004) was a Russian-born Franco-Romanian communist known for his role in the French Resistance as the leader of FTP-MOI group in Paris and for ''l’Affaire Manouchian'' controversy of the 1980s. Communist activist Holban was born as Baruch Bruhman to a working class Jewish family in the town of Otaci in Bessarabia (modern Moldova), a province of the vast Russian empire. Bessarabia had a Romanian majority with a substantial minority of ''Ashkenazim'' (Yiddish-speaking Jews). Besides for Yiddish, Bruhman was also fluent in Russian and Romanian. In 1918, Bessarabia became part of Romania. In 1923, Bruhman became a Romanian citizen when a new constitution came in that allowed Jews to be citizens. The Kingdom of Romania was a deeply Francophile country and growing up in 1920s Romania, Bruhman learned French and came to be heavily influenced by French culture long before he ever actually went to France. Like many other Romanian Jewish intellectua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Rayski
Adam Rayski (14 August 1913 – 11 March 2008) was a Franco-Polish intellectual best remembered for his involvement with the French resistance. Communist activist Rayski was born as Abraham Rajgrodski to a family of ''Ashkenazim'' (Yiddish-speaking Jews) in Białystok, which at the time was part of the vast Russian empire. His left-wing parents were involved in the Revolution of 1905. After the First World War, Białystok became part of Poland. Active in the Communist Party of Poland, he was expelled from his high school as a trouble-maker. In common with many other Eastern European Jews, Rajgrodski was attracted to Communism because it promised to dissolve all nationalities, religions and ethnicities, thereby rendering the "Jewish Question" moot. Accounts differ about his views towards Poland. The French historian Stéphane Courtois claimed that Rayski "hated" Poland. By contrast, Rayksi's son, Benoît Rayski, has denied Courtois's allegations. Benoît Rayski claimed that his fath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manouchian Group
The Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée (FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the ''Francs-tireurs et partisans'' (FTP) organization, a component of the French Resistance. A wing composed mostly of foreigners, the MOI maintained an armed force to oppose the German occupation of France during World War II. The Main-d'œuvre immigrée was the "Immigrant Movement" of the FTP. The last surviving member of the FTP-MOI's Manouchian Group, resistance fighter Arsène Tchakarian, died in August 2018. History The FTP-MOI groups were organized in the Paris region in 1941, at the same time as the ''Francs-tireurs et partisans''. Their ranks were filled with foreign communists living in France who were not part of the French Communist Party. Although integrated with the ''FTP'', these groups depended directly on Jacques Duclos, who passed on orders from the Communist International (Comintern). The national manager of the MOI was Adam Rayski, who recommended members for the FTP-MOI ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Missak Manouchian
Missak Manouchian (Western hy, Միսաք Մանուշեան; , 1 September 1906 – 21 February 1944) was a French-Armenian poet and communist activist. An Armenian genocide survivor, he moved to France from an orphanage in Lebanon in 1925. He was active in communist Armenian literary circles. During World War II, he became the military commissioner of FTP-MOI, a group consisting of European immigrants, including many Jews, in the Paris region which carried out assassinations and bombings of Nazi targets. According to one author, the Manouchian group was the most active French Resistance group. Manouchian and many of his comrades were arrested in November 1943 and executed by the Nazis in Fort Mont-Valérien on 21 February 1944. He is considered a hero of the French Resistance. Early life Manouchian was born on 1 September 1906 in Adıyaman, in Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire into an Armenian peasant family. His parents were killed during the Armenian genocide of 1915, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francs-tireurs Et Partisans
The ''Francs-tireurs et partisans français'' (FTPF), or commonly the ''Francs-tireurs et partisans'' (FTP), was an armed resistance organization created by leaders of the French Communist Party during World War II (1939–45). The communist party was neutral at first, following the Soviet Union's official view that the war was a struggle between imperialists, but changed to a policy of armed resistance against the German occupation of France after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Three groups were formed, consisting of party members, young communists and foreign workers. Early in 1942 they were merged to form the FTP, which undertook sabotage and assassinations of the occupation. The FTP became the best organized and most effective of the French Resistance groups. In March 1944, before the Allied forces returned to Normandy, the FTP was theoretically merged with the other Resistance groups. In practice, it retained its independence until the end of the war. Backg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celestino Alfonso
Célestino Alfonso (1 May 1916, at Ituero de Azaba, Salamanca province, Spain – 21 February 1944, at Fort Mont-Valérien, France) was a Spanish republican, a volunteer in the French liberation army FTP-MOI, and a part of the resistance operation led by Missak Manouchian. He was, by profession, a carpenter. Youth Alfonso arrived in France at the beginning of the 1930s. In 1934, he joined the '' Jeunesse communiste'' (Communist Youth) and became responsible for the Ivry-sur-Seine group. In 1936, he set out as a volunteer for republican Spain, arriving on 27 August 1936. He served as a machine-gunner with the rank of sergeant, and from 1937, the rank of lieutenant. In 1938, his right hand was wounded. He was, shortly afterward, named political commissar of the 2nd International Brigade with the rank of captain. In February 1939, he was repatriated to the camp at Saint-Cyprien, from which he escaped. Second World War In May 1942, Alfonso joined the French resistance. Arreste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L'Affiche Rouge
The ''Affiche Rouge'' (Red Poster) is a notorious propaganda poster, distributed by Vichy France and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in occupied Paris, to discredit 23 immigrant French Resistance fighters, members of the Manouchian Group. The term Affiche Rouge also refers more broadly to the circumstances surrounding the poster's creation and distribution, the capture, trial and execution of these members of the Manouchian Group. Background In mid-November 1943, the French police arrested 23 members of the Communist Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), who were part of the French Resistance. They were called the "Manouchian Group" after the commander, Missak Manouchian. The group was part of a network of about 100 fighters, who committed nearly all acts of armed resistance in the Paris metropolitan region between March and November 1943. Its membership included men of different backgrounds. 22 of them were Poles, five Italians, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Main-d'œuvre Immigrée
The Main-d'œuvre immigrée was a French trade unionist organisation, composed of immigrant workers of the ''Confédération générale du travail unitaire'' (CGTU) in the 1920s. The MOI was affiliated to the Profintern. The MOI was initially named ''Main d'œuvre étrangère'', but the French Communist Party, who in practice were in charge, changed the name from ''étrangère'' (foreign) to ''immigrée'' (immigrant) due to perceived xenophobia during the 1930s. During the Second World War, Louis Grojnowski (called "Brunot") and Simon Cukier aka Alfred Grant took charge, and the organisation gave rise to an armed squad, the FTP-MOI, directed by Joseph Epstein. After the mass arrest of more than 13,000 Jews in the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup in July 1942, the groups became somewhat more active. Pursued relentlessly by the Special Brigades of the Renseignements généraux, almost all the MOI fighters had been identified by the end of summer 1943. In the autumn the French police arrested th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olga Bancic
Olga Bancic (; born Golda Bancic; also known under her French ''nom de guerre'' Pierrette; 10 May 1912 – 10 May 1944) was a Jewish Romanian communist activist, known for her role in the French Resistance. A member of the FTP-MOI and Missak Manouchian's Group, she was captured by Nazi German forces in late 1943, and executed soon after. Bancic was married to the writer and fellow FTP-MOI fighter Alexandru Jar. Biography Bancic was born to a Jewish family in Chișinău, Bessarabia, which was part of the Russian Empire at the time, becoming part of the Romanian Kingdom after World War I. She worked in a mattress factory by the age of 12, and joined the labor movement, taking part in a strike during which she was arrested and allegedly beaten. Bancic, who became a member of the outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR), was subsequently arrested several times. In 1936, she traveled to France, where she aided local left-wing activists in transporting weapons to Spanish Rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régime during the World War II, Second World War. Resistance Clandestine cell system, cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis (World War II), Maquis in rural areas) who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allies of World War II, Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The Resistance's men and women came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, Aristocratic family, aristocrats, conservative Catholic Church, Roman Catholics (including priests and Yvonne Beauvais, nuns), Protestantis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arsène Tchakarian
Arsène Tchakarian (21 December 1916 – 4 August 2018) was a Armenians in France, French-Armenian historian, former tailor and member of the French resistance. He was a member of the Manouchian Group of the FTP-MOI, a wing of the larger Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP) composed of fighters of foreign immigrant origin. Tchakarian was the last surviving member of the Manouchian Group (''Groupe Manouchian''), a Paris-based resistance cell led by Missak Manouchian. Biography Tchakarian was born to an Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, ethnic Armenian family in Sapanca, the Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey) on 21 December 1916. The family fled to Bulgaria to escape the Armenian genocide during World War I. Tchakarian arrived in France in 1930 with his family and settled permanently in the country. He worked as a tailor. In 1937, Tchakarian was conscripted into the French Army, where he served until 1940. He was discharged from the Army in 1940 following the Battle of France, defeat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Cloarec
Georges Cloarec (22 December 1923, in Saint-Rémy-sur-Avre – 21 February 1944, in mont Valérien) was a fighter in the French resistance, a volunteer in the FTP-MOI liberation army in the Manouchian group. Biography Cloarec began as an agricultural worker at the age of 15. When the Second World War started, he was enthused with patriotic feelings which strengthened with time. When the Germans occupied Paris and the north part of France, he left his job and travelled secretly to the southern zone, with the intention of reaching England and fighting with the Free French forces. The recruiters decided that he was too young, and rejected him. Around the beginning of 1942, he joined the French Fleet at Toulon, intending to serve France. One day he decided along with some of his comrades that the orders given by their superiors were not aligned to France's interests. He revolted and shouted "Long live France! Down with collaboration!". He was immediately imprisoned. On his rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
