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Expert RA
Expert RA is Russia’s oldest credit rating agency and also the largest one in terms of both customers and headcount. Expert RA has been assigning credit ratings for 20 years. Expert RA is on the list of authorized rating institutions, meaning that its credit ratings are applicable for regulatory purposes to banks, insurers, pension funds, and debt issuers. History * 1998 - Expert RA creates its Analytics & Communications Business line * 2010 - Expert RA accredited by Russia’s Ministry of Finance * 2014 - Expert RA set up International Group RAEX holding in order to develop its business abroad. * 2016 - Central Bank of Russia has included Expert RA in the list of accredited credit agencies * 2017 - Change of the rating scale, 19 gradations introduce in the rating system * 2018 - Expert RA signs a strategic partnership memorandum with China Chengxin Credit Rating Group (CCXI). * 2019 - Establishing Expert Business-Solutions, a company intended to support non-rating analytica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joint-stock Company
A joint-stock company is a business entity in which shares of the company's capital stock, stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their share (finance), shares (certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company. In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with incorporation (business), incorporation (possession of legal personality separate from shareholders) and limited liability (shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited company, limited companies. Some jurisdiction (area), jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the United Kingdom and in other count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Capital Markets Association
The International Capital Market Association or ICMA is a self-regulatory organization and trade association for participants in the capital markets. ICMA stated aims are to promote high standards of market practice, appropriate regulation, trade support, education and communication. It produces standard documentation for transactions such as equity and debt issuance and repos. ICMA market conventions and standards have been the pillars of the international debt market for almost 40 years, providing the self-regulatory framework of rules governing market practice which have facilitated the orderly functioning and impressive growth of the market. History The International Capital Market Association was formed in July 2005 from the merger of ''International Primary Market Association'' and the ''International Securities Market Association'' (formerly the ''Association of International Bond Dealers'') to create an association that covered both primary and secondary international c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ACRA (rating Agency)
ACRA (Analytical Credit Rating Agency; russian: Аналитическое Кредитное Рейтинговое Агентство - АКРА) is a rating agency based in Moscow, Russia. It was established in 2015, with Yekaterina Trofimova as its CEO. Due to the withdrawal of US-based rating agencies because of Russian legislative changes and sanctions against Russia, ACRA was expected by analysts to become Russia's main ratings issuer. ACRA is deemed too demanding by a number of Russian companies, and is compared unfavorably to its competitor Expert RA, which is seen as putting its customers first. In January 2017, VTB Bank refused to disclose the rating it received from ACRA, just noting that it was even lower than the 'politicized' rating assigned by Western agencies. By July 2017 the agency had issued over 40 ratings. ACRA is engaged in research and forecasting and has developed ACRA Financial Stress IndexACRA FSI, which is used to evaluate the possibility of financial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consulting
A consultant (from la, consultare "to deliberate") is a professional (also known as ''expert'', ''specialist'', see variations of meaning below) who provides advice and other purposeful activities in an area of specialization. Consulting services generally fall under the domain of professional services, as contingent work. A consultant is employed or involved in giving professional advice to the public or to those practicing the profession. Definition and distinction The Harvard Business School provides a more specific definition of a consultant as someone who advises on "how to modify, proceed in, or streamline a given process within a specialized field". In his book, ''The Consulting Bible'', Alan Weiss defines that "When we onsultantswalk away from a client, the client's conditions should be better than it was before we arrived or we've failed." There is no legal protection given to the job title 'consultant'.Consultancy.ukWhat is a consultant? accessed 29 June 2021 Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audit
An audit is an "independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size or legal form when such an examination is conducted with a view to express an opinion thereon.” Auditing also attempts to ensure that the books of accounts are properly maintained by the concern as required by law. Auditors consider the propositions before them, obtain evidence, and evaluate the propositions in their auditing report. Audits provide third-party assurance to various stakeholder (corporate), stakeholders that the subject matter is free from Materiality (auditing) , material misstatement. The term is most frequently applied to audits of the financial information relating to a legal person. Other commonly audited areas include: secretarial and compliance, internal controls, quality management, project management, water management, and energy conservation. As a result of an audit, stakeholders may evaluate and improve the effecti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Factoring (finance)
Factoring is a financial transaction and a type of debtor finance in which a business ''sells'' its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount.O. Ray Whittington, CPA, PhD, "Financial Accounting and Reporting", Wiley CPAexcel EXAM REVIEW STUDY GUIDE, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2014 A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its present and immediate cash needs.The Wall Street Journal, "How to Use Factoring for Cash Flo small-business/funding. Forfaiting is a factoring arrangement used in international trade finance by exporters who wish to sell their receivables to a forfaiter.Please refer to the Wiki article forfaiting for further discussion on cites. Factoring is commonly referred to as accounts receivable factoring, invoice factoring, and sometimes accounts receivable financing. Accounts receivable financing is a term more accurately used to describe a form of asset based lending against accounts receivable. The C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leasing
A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the user (referred to as the ''lessee'') to pay the owner (referred to as the ''lessor'') for the use of an asset. Property, buildings and vehicles are common assets that are leased. Industrial or business equipment are also leased. Basically a lease agreement is a contract between two parties: the lessor and the lessee. The lessor is the legal owner of the asset, while the lessee obtains the right to use the asset in return for regular rental payments. The lessee also agrees to abide by various conditions regarding their use of the property or equipment. For example, a person leasing a car may agree to the condition that the car will only be used for personal use. The term rental agreement can refer to two kinds of leases: * A lease in which the asset is tangible property. Here, the user '' rents'' the asset (e.g. land or goods) ''let out'' or ''rented out'' by the owner (the verb ''to lease'' is less precise because it can r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asset Management
Asset management is a systematic approach to the governance and realization of value from the things that a group or entity is responsible for, over their whole life cycles. It may apply both to tangible assets (physical objects such as buildings or equipment) and to intangible assets (such as human capital, intellectual property, goodwill or financial assets). Asset management is a systematic process of developing, operating, maintaining, upgrading, and disposing of assets in the most cost-effective manner (including all costs, risks, and performance attributes). The term is commonly used in the financial sector to describe people and companies who manage investments on behalf of others. Those include, for example, investment managers that manage the assets of a pension fund. It is also increasingly used in both the business world and public infrastructure sectors to ensure a coordinated approach to the optimization of costs, risks, service/performance, and sustainability. IS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banking
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets. Because banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a high degree of regulation over banks. Most countries have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking, under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity, banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards, the Basel Accords. Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways functioned as a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insurance
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, insurance carrier, or underwriter. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a policyholder, while a person or entity covered under the policy is called an insured. The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which the insured has an insurable interest established by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China Chengxin Credit Rating Group
China Chengxin Credit Rating Group was founded in Beijing on 8 October 1992 through the incorporation of China Chengxin Credit Management Co Ltd (renamed as China Chengxin Credit Management Co. Ltd. in 2002), which is the first nationwide credit rating company of China. Subsequently, it formed subsidiaries and established branches across China, including China Chengxin International Credit Rating Company Limited (the joint venture credit rating company among China Chengxin Securities Rating Company Limited, Fitch Ratings and International Finance Corporation established in 1999). The share-holder structure of the joint venture company was changed in 2006 when Moody's came in to take over the equity positions of Fitch and the supranational institution. The company is one of the few major credit rating agencies currently operating in China. China Chengxin Credit Management Co. Ltd. went to Hong Kong to set up its subsidiary, China Chengxin (Asia Pacific) Credit Ratings Company Limit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Credit Rating Agency
A credit rating agency (CRA, also called a ratings service) is a company that assigns credit ratings, which rate a debtor's ability to pay back debt by making timely principal and interest payments and the likelihood of default. An agency may rate the creditworthiness of issuers of debt obligations, of debt instruments, and in some cases, of the servicers of the underlying debt, but not of individual consumers. Other forms of a rating agency include environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) rating agencies and the Chinese Social Credit System. The debt instruments rated by CRAs include government bonds, corporate bonds, CDs, municipal bonds, preferred stock, and collateralized securities, such as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations. The issuers of the obligations or securities may be companies, special purpose entities, state or local governments, non-profit organizations, or sovereign nations. A credit rating facilitates the trading of se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
