|
Existence (other)
*Existence, a philosophical concept in metaphysics and ontology. Existence may also refer to: * ''Existence'' (Dark Suns album) * ''Existence'' (Beto Vázquez Infinity album) * "Existence" (''The X-Files''), a 2001 television episode * '' eXistenZ'', a 1999 horror science-fiction film * '' The Existence'', a 2004 EP release by Forever Changed * ''Existence'', David Brin novel * ''The 14'', a 1973 British film also released as ''Existence'' and ''The Wild Little Bunch'' * ''Existence'', is the name of a music project founded by Margot Reisinger Existential can mean "relating to existence" or "relating to existentialism". It is used in particular to refer to: *Existential quantification, in logic and mathematics (symbolized by ∃) *Existential clause, in linguistics *Existential crisis *Existential fallacy *Existential humanism *Existential forgery *Existential risk *Existential therapy *Existential graph *Existential phenomenology Existential phenomenology encompasses a wide r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existence
Existence is the ability of an entity to interact with reality. In philosophy, it refers to the ontology, ontological Property (philosophy), property of being. Etymology The term ''existence'' comes from Old French ''existence'', from Medieval Latin ''existentia/exsistentia'', from Latin ''existere'', to come forth, be manifest, ''ex + sistere'', to stand. Context in philosophy Materialism holds that the only things that exist are matter and energy, that all things are composed of material, that all actions require energy, and that all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of the interaction of matter. Dialectical materialism does not make a distinction between being and existence, and defines it as the objective reality of various forms of matter. Idealism holds that the only things that exist are thoughts and ideas, while the material world is secondary. In idealism, existence is sometimes contrasted with Transcendence (philosophy), transcendence, the ability ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existentialism
Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value of human existence, and the role of personal agency in transforming one's life. In the view of an existentialist, the individual's starting point is phenomenological, grounded in the immediate direct experience of life. Key concepts include " existential angst", a sense of dread, disorientation, confusion, or anxiety in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world, and also authenticity, courage, and human-heartedness. Existentialism is associated with several 19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite often profound differences in thought. Among the earliest figures associated with existentialism are philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche and novel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Graph
An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on logical graph, graphical logic as early as 1882,Peirce, C. S., "[On Junctures and Fractures in Logic]" (editors' title for MS 427 (the new numbering system), Fall–Winter 1882), and "Letter, Peirce to O. H. Mitchell" (L 294, 21 December 1882), ''Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W, Writings of Charles S. Peirce'', v. 4, "Junctures" on pp. 391–393 (Googl preview and the letter on pp. 394–399 (Googl preview. See John F. Sowa, Sowa, John F. (1997), "Matching Logical Structure to Linguistic Structure", ''Studies in the Logic of Charles Sanders Peirce'', Nathan Houser, Don D. Roberts, and James Van Evra, editors, Bloomington and Indianopolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 418–444, see 420, 425, 426, 428. and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914. The graphs Peirce proposed three systems of existential graphs: * ''alpha'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Therapy
Existential psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy based on the model of human nature and experience developed by the Existentialism, existential tradition of European philosophy. It focuses on concepts that are universally applicable to human existence including death, freedom, responsibility, and the meaning of life. Instead of regarding human experiences such as anxiety, Social alienation, alienation, and depression (mood), depression as implying the presence of mental illness, existential psychotherapy sees these experiences as natural stages in a normal process of human development and maturation. In facilitating this process of development and maturation, existential psychotherapy involves a philosophical exploration of an individual's experiences stressing the individual's freedom and responsibility to facilitate a higher degree of meaning and well-being in their life. Background The philosophers who are especially pertinent to the development of existential psychotherapy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Risk
A global catastrophic risk or a doomsday scenario is a hypothetical future event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization. An event that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's potential is known as an "existential risk." Over the last two decades, a number of academic and non-profit organizations have been established to research global catastrophic and existential risks, formulate potential mitigation measures and either advocate for or implement these measures. Definition and classification Defining global catastrophic risks The term global catastrophic risk "lacks a sharp definition", and generally refers (loosely) to a risk that could inflict "serious damage to human well-being on a global scale". Humanity has suffered large catastrophes before. Some of these have caused serious damage but were only local in scope—e.g. the Black Death may have resulted in the de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Forgery
In a cryptographic digital signature or MAC system, digital signature forgery is the ability to create a pair consisting of a message, m, and a signature (or MAC), \sigma, that is valid for m, but has not been created in the past by the legitimate signer. There are different types of forgery. To each of these types, security definitions can be associated. A signature scheme is secure by a specific definition if no forgery of the associated type is possible. Types The following definitions are ordered from lowest to highest achieved security, in other words, from most powerful to the weakest attack. The definitions form a hierarchy, meaning that an attacker able to do mount a specific attack can execute all the attacks further down the list. Likewise, a scheme that reaches a certain security goal also reaches all prior ones. Total break More general than the following attacks, there is also a ''total break'': when adversary can recover the private information and keys used by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Humanism
Existential humanism is humanism that validates the human subject as struggling for self-knowledge and self-responsibility. Concepts Søren Kierkegaard suggested that the best use of our capacity for making choices is to freely choose to live a fully human life, rooted in a personal search for values, rather than an external code. Jean-Paul Sartre said "existentialism is a humanism" because it expresses the power of human beings to make freely-willed choices, independent of the influence of religion or society. Unlike traditional humanisms, however, Sartre disavowed any reliance on an essential nature of man – on deriving values from the facts of human nature – but rather saw human value as self-created through undertaking projects in the world: experiments in living. Albert Camus, in his book '' The Plague'', suggests that some of us may choose to be heroic, even knowing that it will bring us neither reward nor salvation; and Simone de Beauvoir, in her book ''The Ethics o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Fallacy
The existential fallacy, or existential instantiation, is a formal fallacy. In the existential fallacy, one presupposes that a class has members when one is not supposed to do so; i.e., when one should not assume existential import. Not to be confused with the 'Affirming the consequent', which states "A causes B; B, therefore A". One example would be: "''Every unicorn has a horn on its forehead''". It does not imply that there are any unicorns at all in the world, and thus it cannot be assumed that, if the statement were true, somewhere there is a unicorn in the world (with a horn on its forehead). The statement, if assumed true, implies only that if there were any unicorns, each would definitely have a horn on its forehead. Overview An existential fallacy is committed in a medieval categorical syllogism because it has two universal premises and a particular conclusion with no assumption that at least one member of the class exists, an assumption which is not established by the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Crisis
In psychology and psychotherapy, existential crises are inner conflicts characterized by the impression that life lacks meaning. Some authors also emphasize confusion about one's personal identity in their definition. Existential crises are accompanied by anxiety and stress, often to such a degree that they disturb one's normal functioning in everyday life and lead to depression. Their negative attitude towards life and meaning reflects various positions characteristic of the philosophical movement known as existentialism. Synonyms and closely related terms include existential dread, existential vacuum, existential neurosis, and alienation. The various aspects associated with existential crises are sometimes divided into emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. Emotional components refer to the feelings they provoke, such as emotional pain, despair, helplessness, guilt, anxiety, and loneliness. Cognitive components encompass the problem of meaninglessness, the loss of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Clause
An existential clause is a clause that refers to the existence or presence of something, such as "There is a God" and "There are boys in the yard". The use of such clauses can be considered analogous to existential quantification in predicate logic, which is often expressed with the phrase "There exist(s)...". Different languages have different ways of forming and using existential clauses. For details on the English forms, see English grammar: ''There'' as pronoun. Formation Many languages form existential clauses without any particular marker by simply using forms of the normal copula verb (the equivalent of English ''be''), the subject being the noun (phrase) referring to the thing whose existence is asserted. For example, the Finnish sentence , meaning "There are boys in the yard", is literally "On the yard is boys". Some languages have a different verb for that purpose: Swedish has , literally "It is found boys on the yard". On the other hand, some languages do not re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Quantification
In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". It is usually denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier ("" or "" or "). Existential quantification is distinct from universal quantification ("for all"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for ''all'' members of the domain. Some sources use the term existentialization to refer to existential quantification. Basics Consider a formula that states that some natural number multiplied by itself is 25. : 0·0 = 25, or 1·1 = 25, or 2·2 = 25, or 3·3 = 25, ... This would seem to be a logical disjunction because of the repeated use of "or". However, the ellipses make this impossible to integrate and to interpret it as a disjunction in formal logic. Instead, the statement could be rephrased more formally as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existence (band)
Existence is the state of being real or participating in reality. The terms "being", "reality", and "actuality" are often used as close synonyms. Existence contrasts with nonexistence, nothingness, and nonbeing. A common distinction is between the existence of an entity and its essence, which refers to the entity's nature or essential qualities. The main philosophical discipline studying existence is called ontology. The orthodox view is that it is a second-order property or a property of properties. According to this view, to say that a thing exists means that its properties are instantiated. A different view holds that existence is a first-order property or a property of individuals. This means that existence has the same ontological status as other properties of individuals, like color and shape. Meinongians accept this idea and hold that not all individuals have this property: they state that there are some individuals that do not exist. This view is rejected by universa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
