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Estonian Government-in-exile
The Estonian government-in-exile was the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1944 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1991 and 1992. It traced its legitimacy through constitutional succession to the last Estonian government in power prior to the Soviet invasion of 1940. During its existence, it was the internationally recognized government of Estonia. Background The USSR occupied Estonia on June 14, 1940. Soviet authorities arrested President Konstantin Päts and deported him to the USSR where he died in prison in 1956. Many members of the current and past governments were deported or executed, including eight former heads of state and 38 ministers. Those who survived went underground. Sham elections were held on 14–15 July 1940 for a "People's ''Riigikogu''," in which voters were presented with a single list dominated by communists. This election is now considered illegal and u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government-in-exile
A government in exile (abbreviated as GiE) is a political group that claims to be a country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a rump state in the sense that a rump state controls at least part of its former territory. For example, during World War I, nearly all of Belgium was occupied by Germany, but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west. A government in exile, in contrast, has lost all its territory. However, in practice the difference might be minor; in the above example, the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse was located in French territory and acted as a government in exile for most practical purposes. The governments in exile tend to occur during wartime occupation or in the aftermath of a civil war, revo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1940 Estonian Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 14 and 15 July 1940 alongside simultaneous elections in Latvia and Lithuania. The elections followed the Soviet occupation of the three countries. As was the case in Latvia and Lithuania, the elections in Estonia were blatantly rigged. They were also unconstitutional, since only seats for the lower chamber of the Riigikogu, the Chamber of Deputies, were contested; the upper chamber, the National Council, had been dissolved and was never reconvened. According to August Rei, one of independent Estonia's last envoys to Moscow, under the Estonian constitution, the Chamber of Deputies had "no legislative power" apart from the National Council. The Estonian Working People's Union, a Communist front group, was the only party allowed to run and won all 80 seats, allegedly with 92.8% of the votes cast and the remaining 7.2% having been declared invalid. The newly elected " People's Riigikogu" declared the Estonian SSR on 21 July and requested ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of Estonia
The flag of Estonia ( et, Eesti lipp) is a tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black (middle), and white (bottom). In Estonian it is colloquially called the (). The tricolour was already in wide use as the symbol of Estonia and Estonians when the country gained independence in 1918. Formally, the became the national flag by the decision of the Estonian Provisional Government on 21 November 1918, and the flag's official status was reconfirmed by a law on 16 July 1922. The tricolour was used as the national flag until June 1940 when the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Estonia. After the annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in August 1940, the use of the national tricolour and its blue, black and white colour combination was banned and punishable by law in the Soviet Union. The national flag was from 1940 until 1991 continuously used by the Estonian government-in-exile, diplomatic service, and the diaspora of Estonian refugees around the world ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toompea
Toompea (from german: Domberg, "Cathedral Hill") is a limestone hill in the central part of the city of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. The hill is an oblong tableland, which measures about 400 by 250 metres, has an area of and is about 20–30 metres higher than the surrounding areas. In folklore the hill is known as the tumulus mound over the grave of Kalev, erected in his memory by his grieving wife. The history of Toompea is closely linked to the history of rulers and power in Estonia. Today Toompea is the center of the Government of Estonia and the Riigikogu (parliament), both of which are often simply referred to as ''Toompea''. The location of the Riigikogu is the Toompea Castle, situated in the southwestern corner of the hill and topped by the Tall Hermann tower. The flag on the top of the tower is one of the best-known symbols in Estonia of the government in force. Toompea is part of the Tallinn Old Town UNESCO World Heritage Site. Geology and topography Geologica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Court Of Estonia
The Supreme Court of Estonia ( et, Riigikohus) is the court of last resort in Estonia. It is both a court of cassation and a constitutional court. The courthouse is in Tartu. History During the first independence period (1919-1940) With the First Constitution of Estonia and the Supreme Court Act, the Estonian Constituent Assembly established the Supreme Court of Estonia as a court of cassation on 21 October 1919. The first Justices of the Court were Kaarel Parts (Chief Justice), Paul Beniko, Rein Koemets, Jaan Lõo, Hugo Reiman, Martin Taevere and Peeter Puusepp. The Court first sat in Tartu Town Hall on 14 January 1920. During the centralisation of power in 1935, the Supreme Court was transferred to Tallinn, operating from a specially remodelled building on Wismari Street. When the Court last sat on 31 December 1940, it accepted an order by the government of the Estonian SSR to disband itself as of 1 January 1941. Soviet occupation (1940-1991) The Supreme Court of the Eston ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihkel Klaassen
Mihkel Klaassen (24 February 1880 – 7 March 1952) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Estonia since 1924. Klaassen was a member of the that decided the Soviet-era appointment of Johannes Vares as Prime Minister by Konstantin Päts had been illegal and stated, that Jüri Uluots is Prime Minister acting as President of the Estonian Republic on April 20, 1944. Lauri Mälksoo, ''Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law'', Nordic Journal of International Law, Volume 69, Number 3 / March, 2000 He was the father of Professor Olaf-Mihkel Klaassen of Tartu University The University of Tartu (UT; et, Tartu Ülikool; la, Universitas Tartuensis) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia. It is the national university of Estonia. It is the only classical university in the country, and also its biggest .... References 1880 births 1952 deaths People from Sindi, Estonia People from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Maurer (politician)
Alfred Maurer (2 December 1888 Tallinn - 20 September 1954 Stockholm) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of I Riigikogu. He was a member of the Riigikogu since 6 December 1922. He replaced Sergei Andrejev Sergei Andrejev (16 October 1897, Tallinn – 12 February 1930, Kirghiz ASSR) was an Estonian Communist who was a member of the Riigikogu for the Estonian Independent Socialist Workers' Party for a brief period in 1922. Andrejev was a mem .... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Maurer, Alfred 1888 births 1954 deaths Members of the Riigikogu, 1920–1923 Members of the Riiginõukogu Estonian emigrants to Sweden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Pukk
Otto Pukk (29 November 1900 Loona, Saare County – 14 February 1951 Stockholm) was an Estonian politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Estonian National Assembly and III, V and VI Riigikogu VI Riigikogu was the sixth legislature of Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu). The legislature was elected after 1938 elections (held on 24–25 February 1938). It sat between 7 April 1938 and 5 July 1940, after which Estonia was occupied by the Sovi .... Since 1939 he was the chairman of VI Riigikogu (Riigivolikogu). References {{DEFAULTSORT:Pukk, Otto 1900 births 1951 deaths Members of the Riigikogu, 1926–1929 Members of the Riigikogu, 1932–1934 Members of the Estonian National Assembly Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class Estonian World War II refugees Estonian emigrants to Sweden University of Tartu alumni People from Saaremaa Parish Members of the Riigivolikogu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johan Holberg
Johan Holberg (20 February 1893 – 8 April 1978, Chicago) was an Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, an ...n politician. From 1927 to 1928, he was minister of commerce and industry. After the Second World War, he lived in Toronto, Canada, as prime minister of the Estonian government in exile. References 1893 births 1978 deaths People from Tori Parish People from Kreis Pernau Estonian Lutherans Farmers' Assemblies politicians Government ministers of Estonia Members of the Riigikogu, 1923–1926 Members of the Riigikogu, 1926–1929 Members of the Riigikogu, 1929–1932 Members of the Riigikogu, 1932–1934 Members of the Estonian National Assembly Members of the Riiginõukogu Saint Petersburg State University alumni University of Tartu alumni Rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Tief
Otto Tief ( – 5 March 1976) was an Estonian politician, military commander (during the Estonian War of Independence), and a lawyer. Tief was the acting prime minister of the last government of EstoniaThe Otto Tief government and the fall of Tallinn 22 September 1944: From one occupation to another before Soviet troops occupied in [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaarel Liidak
Kaarel Liidak (until 1936 Karl Liidemann, 12 November 1889 Sindi – 16 January 1945 Karksi-Nuia) was an Estonian agronomist, agriculture minister and politician, member and chairman of the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia from March to August 1944. Recognition *1936 – Honorary Member of the Estonian Agronomic Society *1938 – 3rd class Order of the White Star References * Aksel Mark, "Kaarel Liidak. Tema tööst ja ideoloogiast" – Eesti Agronoomide Selts Rootsis toimetis, Uppsala 1985, nr 4; ilmunud ka eraldi trükisena, eessõna Kaarel Vahtras, 40 lk, sisaldab bibliograafiat * Kaarel Liidak, "Maaseaduse aastapäeval". Järelsõna: Jaan Lepajõe, "Kaarel Liidak eesti rahvusliku ideoloogia arendajana". Lisa: Maaseadus – Akadeemia 1989, nr 7, lk 1374–88 * Ülo Oll, "Kaarel Liidaku elukäigust" – ajakiri Agraarteadus 1990, nr 1 * Jaan Lepajõe, "Professor Kaarel Liidak eesti rahvusliku ideoloogina" – samas * Meinhard Karelson, "Kaarel Liidak Eesti Vaba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Occupation Of Estonia During World War II
During World War II, in the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944. Estonia had gained independence in 1918 from the then warring German and Russian Empires. However, in the wake of the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Stalinist Soviet Union had invaded and occupied Estonia in June 1940, and the country was formally annexed into the USSR in August 1940. Initially, in the summer of 1941, the German invaders were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the Soviet terror, having arrived only a week after the mass deportation of tens of thousands of people from Estonia and other territories that had been occupied by USSR in 1939–1941: eastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Although hopes were raised for the restoration of Estonia's independence, it was soon realized that Germans were but another occupying power. The Nazi German authorities exploited oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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