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Emilia Malessa
Emilia Malessa, ''née'' Izdebska (''noms de guerre'': ''Marcysia'', ''Miłasza'', ''Maniuta'') (born 26 February 1909, in Rostov,Iwona Beratym, "60 lat temu zginal legendarny major Jan Piwnik "Ponury", Slow Ludu - Gazeta codzienna, 18 June 2004/ref> died 5 June 1949), was a Polish soldier, member of the Home Army with the rank of Captain,Jarosław Kurski, "Bohaterka, która uwierzyła bezpiece" (The Heroine who trusted the secret police), ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', 2007-03-18/ref> participant in the Warsaw Uprising, member of the underground anti-communist organization Freedom and Independence (WiN), and a "cavalier" of the Order of Virtuti Militari. Early life Malessa was born in the Russian Empire to Władysław and Maria (Krukowska) Izdebski. After moving back to Poland, she finished a trade school in Łuck in 1924. She worked in the Main Statistical Office in Warsaw and afterward moved to Gdynia. In 1935, she married Wojciech Malessa, but divorced him two years later. World War II ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emilia Malessa (Marcysia)
Emilia Malessa, ''née'' Izdebska (''noms de guerre'': ''Marcysia'', ''Miłasza'', ''Maniuta'') (born 26 February 1909, in Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast, Rostov,Iwona Beratym, "60 lat temu zginal legendarny major Jan Piwnik "Ponury", Slow Ludu - Gazeta codzienna, 18 June 2004 died 5 June 1949), was a Polish soldier, member of the Home Army with the rank of Captain (land), Captain,Jarosław Kurski, "Bohaterka, która uwierzyła bezpiece" (The Heroine who trusted the secret police), ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', 2007-03-18/ref> participant in the Warsaw Uprising, member of the underground anti-communist organization Freedom and Independence (WiN), and a "cavalier" of the Order of Virtuti Militari. Early life Malessa was born in the Russian Empire to Władysław and Maria (Krukowska) Izdebski. After moving back to Poland, she finished a trade school in Łuck in 1924. She worked in the Main Statistical Office in Warsaw and afterward moved to Gdynia. In 1935, she married Wojciech Malessa, but divorce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of Armed Struggle
Związek Walki Zbrojnej ( abbreviation: ''ZWZ''; Union of Armed Struggle;Thus rendered in Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland'', vol. II, p. 464. also translated as ''Union for Armed Struggle'', ''Association of Armed Struggle'' or ''Association for Armed Struggle'') was an underground army formed in Poland following its invasion in September 1939 by Germany and the Soviet Union that opened World War II. It existed from 13 November 1939 until 14 February 1942, when it was renamed into Home Army (''Armia Krajowa, AK''). ZWZ was created from an earlier organization, Service for Poland's Victory (''SZP''). In January 1940, it was divided into two parts: *areas under German occupation — commanded by Colonel Stefan Rowecki, headquartered in Warsaw; *areas under Soviet occupation — commanded by General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, headquartered in Lwów. Formally, the ZWZ was directed from Paris, by General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (nom de guerre Jozef God ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Sanojcy
Antoni is a Catalan, Polish, and Slovene given name and a surname used in the eastern part of Spain, Poland and Slovenia. As a Catalan given name it is a variant of the male names Anton and Antonio. As a Polish given name it is a variant of the female names Antonia and Antonina. As a Slovene name it is a variant of the male names Anton, Antonij and Antonijo and the female name Antonija. As a surname it is derived from the Antonius root name. It may refer to: Given name * Antoni Brzeżańczyk, Polish football player and manager * Antoni Derezinski, Northern Irish Strongman * Antoni Gaudi, Catalan architect * Antoni Kenar, Polish sculptor * Antoni Lima, Catalan footballer * Antoni Lomnicki, Polish mathematician * Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop * Antoni Niemczak, Polish long-distance runner * Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince and Marshal of France * Antoni Porowski, Polish-Canadian chef, actor, and television personality * Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Rzepecki
Jan Rzepecki alias „Prezes” (29 September 1899 in Warsaw – 28 April 1983) was a Polish soldier and military historian, colonel of the Polish Army. Commander of the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of Home Army from 1940 to 1945. After World War II commander of the Armed Forces Delegation for Poland and the first president of the Freedom and Independence Freedom and Independence Association ( pl, Zrzeszenie Wolność i Niezawisłość, or WiN) was a Polish underground anticommunist organisation founded on September 2, 1945 and active until 1952. Political goals and realities The main purpose of it .... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Rzepecki, Jan 1899 births 1983 deaths Military personnel from Warsaw People from Warsaw Governorate Polish opinion journalists Cursed soldiers Polish anti-communists Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War Warsaw Uprising insurgents Polish legionnaires (World War I) Polnische Wehrmacht personnel Recipients of the Cross of Inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Różański
Józef Różański (; born Josef Goldberg; 13 July 1907, in Warsaw – 21 August 1981, in Warsaw) was an officer in the Soviet Union, Soviet NKVD Secret Police and later, a Colonel in the Polish Ministry of Public Security (Poland), Ministry of Public Security (UB), a communist secret police. Born into a History of the Jews in Poland, Polish-Jewish family in Warsaw, Różański became very active in the Communist Party of Poland before World War II. He joined the NKVD following the Soviet invasion of Poland and after the war, adopting the name Różański, served as an agent with the Polish Communist Security apparatus (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa). Różański was personally involved in torturing and killing dozens of opponents of the Polish People's Republic (''PRL''), including anti-communists.Barbara FijałkowskaRÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM" 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja "abcnet"; see also: B. Fijałkowska, ''Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Promise
A promise is a commitment by someone to do or not do something. As a noun ''promise'' means a declaration assuring that one will or will not do something. As a verb it means to commit oneself by a promise to do or give. It can also mean a capacity for good, similar to a value that is to be realized in the near future. In the law of contract, an exchange of promises is usually held to be legally enforceable, according to the Latin maxim ''pacta sunt servanda''. Types There are many types of promises. There are solemn promises, such as marriage vows or military oaths and are conventions. There are legal contracts, enforceable by law. Or, there are fairy tale promises, regrettable and problematic at the time, they must be honored. And lastly, there are election promises, commitments that most people realize will later be shaped by politics and compromise. Both an oath and an affirmation can be a promise. One special kind of promise is the vow. A notable type of promise is an el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)
''Rzeczpospolita'' () is a Polish nationwide daily economic and legal newspaper, published by Gremi Media. Established in 1920, ''Rzeczpospolita'' was originally founded as a daily newspaper of the conservative Christian National Party during interwar Poland. The paper's title is a translation of the Latin phrase '' res publica'' (meaning "republic", or "commonwealth"), and is part of the traditional and official name of the Polish state, "Rzeczpospolita Polska." In the aftermath of World War II, as Poland became a Soviet satellite state, the newspaper came under government control. Following the 1989 political revolutions across Europe and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the new democratically elected government relinquished its editorial oversight and ownership of ''Rzeczpospolita'', contributing to the end of media censorship in communist Poland and ushering in a new era of independent press. In 2016, ''Rzeczpospolita'' had a circulation of 274,000 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Public Security Of Poland
The Ministry of Public Security ( pl, Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego), commonly known as UB or later SB, was the secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage agency operating in the Polish People's Republic. From 1945 to 1954 it was known as the Department of Security (, UB), and from 1956 to 1990 as the Security Service (, SB). The initial UB was headed by Public Security General Stanisław Radkiewicz and supervised by Jakub Berman of the Polish United Workers' Party, Polish Politburo. The main goal of the Department of Security was the swift eradication of anti-communist structures and socio-political base of the Polish Underground State, as well as the persecution of former underground soldiers of the Home Army () and later anti-communist organizations like Freedom and Independence (WiN). The Ministry of Public Security was established on 1 January 1945 and ceased operations on 7 December 1954. It was the chief secret service in communist Poland during the peri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NIE (resistance)
NIE (; short for ''wikt:niepodległość, niepodległość'' "independence",Jerzy Eisler, ''Zarys dziejów politycznych Polski 1944-1989'', Warszawa 1991 and also meaning "wikt:nie#Polish, no") was a Polish anticommunism, anticommunist resistance organisation formed in 1943. Its main goal was the struggle against the Soviet Union after 1944 (see Occupation of Poland (1939–45), Soviet occupation of Poland). NIE was one of the best hidden structures of Armia Krajowa, active until 7 May 1945. Its commanders were Generals Leopold Okulicki and Emil August Fieldorf. One of the first members of the organisation was Witold Pilecki. Origins of the organization date back to the second half of 1943, when on September 27, the Polish government-in-exile stated that conspirational activities should be maintained during the possible Soviet occupation of the country. Organization, statutes and structure of NIE was created by high-ranking officers of the Home Army, and among those involved were Gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The 60% smaller island of Ireland is to the west—these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago. Connected to mainland Europe until 9,000 years ago by a landbridge now known as Doggerland, Great Britain has been inhabited by modern humans for around 30,000 years. In 2011, it had a population of about , making it the world's third-most-populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The term "Great Britain" is often used to refer to England, Scotland and Wales, including their component adjoining islands. Great Britain and Northern Ireland now constitute the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Nowak-Jeziorański
Jan Nowak-Jeziorański (; 2 October 1914 – 20 January 2005) was a Polish journalist, writer, politician, social worker and patriot. He served during the Second World War as one of the most notable resistance fighters of the Home Army. He is best remembered for his work as an emissary shuttling between the commanders of the Home Army and the Polish Government in Exile in London and other Allied governments which gained him the nickname "Courier from Warsaw", and for his participation in the Warsaw Uprising. After the war he worked as the head of the Polish section of Radio Free Europe, and later as a security advisor to the US presidents Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter. In 1996, President Bill Clinton awarded him with America's highest civilian award the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He was born Zdzisław Antoni Jeziorański, (Jeziora Coat of Arms) in Berlin, but used a number of noms de guerre during the war, the best known of which was Jan Nowak which he later added to his or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elżbieta Zawacka
Elżbieta Zawacka (; 19 March 1909 – 10 January 2009), known also by her war-time nom de guerre Zo, was a Polish university professor, scouting instructor, SOE agent and a freedom fighter during World War II. She was promoted to brigadier general of the Polish Army (the second woman in the history of the Polish Army to hold this rank) by President Lech Kaczyński on 3 May 2006. Sometimes called "the only woman among the ''Cichociemni"'', she served as a courier for the Home Army, carrying letters and other documents from Nazi-occupied Poland to the Polish government in exile in London and back. Her regular route ran from Warsaw through Berlin and Sweden to London. She was also responsible for organizing routes for other couriers of the Home Army. Biography Elżbieta Zawacka was born in Toruń (in German, ''Thorn''), part of the Prussian Partition of Poland, and graduated from Poznań University in mathematics. When she was 10 years old, in 1919, her city, Toruń, return ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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