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Etta Palm D'Aelders
Etta Lubina Johanna Palm d'Aelders (April 1743 – 28 March 1799), also known as the Baroness of Aelders, was a Dutch spy and feminist, outspoken during the French Revolution. She gave the address ''Discourse on the Injustice of the Laws in Favour of Men, at the Expense of Women'' to the French National Convention on 30 December 1790 and was a founding member of the first female-only organisation in the history of France, ''Société patriotique et de bienfaisance des Amies de la Vérité''. D'Aelders used these political platforms to instruct French citizens on the struggles of women in the public and private spheres, and to show men the harm that was being caused to the lives of women through their relative social inferiority. D'Aelders joined women like Olympe de Gouges and Théroigne de Méricourt in her resolute determination to improve the rights of women and mobilise tangible action to drive female equality forward. Biography Etta Lubina Johanna d'Aelders was born into a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groningen (city)
Groningen (; gos, Grunn or ) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands. The ''capital of the north'', Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country; as of December 2021, it had 235,287 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city/municipality of the Netherlands and the second largest outside the Randstad. Groningen was established more than 950 years ago and gained city rights in 1245. Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power (Utrecht, The Hague, Brussels), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a Hanseatic city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent city-state and it remained autonomous until the French era. Today Groningen is a university ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courtesan
Courtesan, in modern usage, is a euphemism for a "kept" mistress (lover), mistress or prostitute, particularly one with wealthy, powerful, or influential clients. The term historically referred to a courtier, a person who attended the Royal court, court of a monarch or other powerful person. History In European feudalism, feudal society, the court was the centre of government as well as the residence of the monarch, and social and political life were often completely mixed together. Prior to the Renaissance, courtesans served to convey information to visiting dignitaries, when servants could not be trusted. In Renaissance Europe, courtiers played an extremely important role in upper-class society. As it was customary during this time for royal couples to lead separate lives—commonly marrying simply to preserve bloodlines and to secure political alliances—men and women would often seek gratification and companionship from people living at court. In fact, the verb 'to court' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriots (Dutch Republic)
The (; ) was a period of political instability in the Dutch Republic between approximately 1780 and 1787. Its name derives from the Patriots () faction who opposed the rule of the stadtholder, William V, Prince of Orange, and his supporters who were known as Orangists (). In 1781 one of the leaders of the Patriots, Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol anonymously published a pamphlet, entitled ("To the People of the Netherlands"), in which he advocated the formation of civic militias on the Swiss and American model to help restore the republican constitution. Such militias were subsequently organised in many localities and formed, together with Patriot political clubs, the core of the Patriot movement. From 1785 on, the Patriots managed to gain power in a number of Dutch cities, where they replaced the old system of co-option of with a system of democratically elected representatives. This enabled them to replace the representatives of these cities in the States of several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apollonius Jan Cornelis Lampsins
Apollonius ( grc, Απολλώνιος) is a masculine given name which may refer to: People Ancient world Artists * Apollonius of Athens (sculptor) (fl. 1st century BC) * Apollonius of Tralles (fl. 2nd century BC), sculptor * Apollonius (satyr sculptor) * Apollonius (son of Archias), sculptor Historians * Apollonius of Aphrodisias (fl. c. 3rd century BC), historian of Caria * Apollonius of Ascalon, historian mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium Writers * Apollonius Attaleus, writer on dreams * Apollonius of Acharnae, ancient Greek writer on festivals * Apollonius of Laodicea, writer on astrology * Apollonius of Rhodes (born c. 270 BC), librarian and poet, best known for the ''Argonautica'' * Apollonius (son of Chaeris), ancient Greek writer, mentioned by the scholiast on Aristophanes * Apollonius (son of Sotades), writer Oratory * Apollonius Dyscolus (fl. 2nd century AD), grammarian * Apollonius Eidographus, ancient Greek grammarian * Apollonius Molon (fl. 70 BC) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerard Brantsen
Gerard Brantsen (10 January 1735 in Arnhem – 21 December 1809 in Arnhem) was a Dutch politician and diplomat. He was one of the Dutch signatories to the treaty ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1784. He was also mayor of Arnhem in 1762 and 1765, and several times an alderman of this city. He was a member of the Staatsbewind of the Batavian Republic between 16 October 1801 and 29 April 1805 (president between 1 May 1804 and 31 July 1804). Personal life Brantsen was born the son of Johan Brantsen and Hester Henrietta de Vree. His father was receiver-general of the Veluwe quarter of Gelderland. Both his grandfathers were burgemeesters of Arnhem. Brantsen studied law at Leiden University where he received his law degree on 10 September 1755 with a dissertation entitled ''De mutuis inter diversas atque vicinas gentes officiorum humanitatis atque comitatispraestationibus''. He remained unmarried but fathered two sonsThe two sons were "recognized" as "friends" in Brantsen's las ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salon (gathering)
A salon is a gathering of people held by an inspiring host. During the gathering they amuse one another and increase their knowledge through conversation. These gatherings often consciously followed Horace's definition of the aims of poetry, "either to please or to educate" (Latin: ''aut delectare aut prodesse''). Salons in the tradition of the French literary and philosophical movements of the 17th and 18th centuries were carried on until as recently as the 1920s in urban settings. Historical background The salon was an Italian invention of the 16th century, which flourished in France throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The salon continued to flourish in Italy throughout the 19th century. In 16th-century Italy, some brilliant circles formed in the smaller courts which resembled salons, often galvanized by the presence of a beautiful and educated patroness such as Berta Zuckerkandl, Isabella d'Este or Elisabetta Gonzaga. Salons were an important place for the exchange of i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rijswijk
Rijswijk (), formerly known as Ryswick ( ) in English, is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Its population was in , and it has an area of , of which is water. The municipality also includes the former villages 't Haantje and Sion, currently also known as Rijswijk-Buiten. Demographics 62% Dutch background, 38% No Dutch background History Archeological excavations indicate that this area of the coastal dunes was already inhabited some 5500 years ago. The formation of the village Rijswijk took place in the 13th century, and its history was dominated by presence of mansions and estates of the nobility and affluent. Among the many country estates known to have been in Rijswijk are: * Arentsburg * Burchvliet * Cromvliet * Den Burgh * De Voorde * Drievliet * 's-Gravenmade * Haag- en Delftzicht * Hilvoorde * Hoekenburg * Hofrust * Hoornwijk * Huis te Werve * Huis ter Nieuwburg * Leeuwendaal * Oversteen * Overvoorde * Schoonoord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Right Of Conquest
The right of conquest is a right of ownership to land after immediate possession via force of arms. It was recognized as a principle of international law that gradually deteriorated in significance until its proscription in the aftermath of World War II following the concept of crimes against peace introduced in the Nuremberg Principles. The interdiction of territorial conquests was confirmed and broadened by the UN Charter, which provides in article 2, paragraph 4, that "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations." Although civil wars continued, wars between established states have been rare since 1945. Nations that have resorted to the use of force since the Charter came into effect have typically invoked self-defense or the right of collective defense. History and arguments Propo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of The Hague (1795)
The Treaty of Den Haag (also known as the Treaty of The Hague and occasionally the Hedges Treaty) was signed on May 16, 1795 between representatives of the French Republic and the Batavian Republic. Based on the terms of the treaty, the Batavian Republic ceded to France the territories of Maastricht, Venlo, and Zeelandic Flanders. Moreover, the accord established a defensive alliance between the two nations, which rapidly involved the Netherlands in the war against Great Britain and Austria. Furthermore, the Dutch agreed to pay an indemnity of 100 million guilders for their part in the war of the First Coalition, and to provide the French Republic a large loan against a low rate of interest. The "barrier forts" in the former Austrian Netherlands were dismantled. The port of Flushing, Netherlands, Flushing was to be placed under a co-dominion. Finally, in a secret clause, the Dutch agreed to pay for a French army of occupation of 25,000 till the war was ended.Schama, p. 207. Refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batavian Republic
The Batavian Republic ( nl, Bataafse Republiek; french: République Batave) was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bonaparte to the Dutch throne. From October 1801 onward, it was known as the Batavian Commonwealth ( nl, Bataafs Gemenebest). Both names refer to the Germanic tribe of the ''Batavi'', representing both the Dutch ancestry and their ancient quest for liberty in their nationalistic lore. In early 1795, intervention by the French Republic led to the downfall of the old Dutch Republic. The new Republic enjoyed widespread support from the Dutch populace and was the product of a genuine popular revolution. However, it was founded with the armed support of the French revolutionary forces. The Batavian Republic became a client state, the first of the " sister-republics", and later part of the French Empire of Napoleon. Its politics were deeply in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles François Dumouriez
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (, 26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. He shared the victory at Valmy with General François Christophe Kellermann, but later deserted the Revolutionary Army, and became a royalist intriguer during the reign of Napoleon as well as an adviser to the British government. Dumouriez is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 3. Early life Dumouriez was born in Cambrai, on the Scheldt River in northern France, to parents of noble rank. His father, Antoine-François du Périer, served as a commissary of the royal army, and educated his son most carefully and widely. The boy continued his studies in Paris at the ''Lycée Louis-le-Grand'', and in 1757 began his military career as a volunteer in the campaign of Rossbach, where he served as a cornet in the ''Régiment d'Escars''. He received a commission for good conduct in action, and served in the later German cam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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