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Esperanto Words With The Ad Hoc Suffix -um
Esperanto derivation is for the most part regular and predictable: One can normally understand new words that are built upon known roots, and can create new words on the fly while speaking. However, there is an infix ''-um-'' that has no inherent meaning, but derives words that cannot be readily derived with dedicated affixes. Such derivations must be memorized individually, though because the root already exists, they may be more easily learned than a completely new word. Because of its irregularity and unpredictability, over-use of the infix ''-um-'' is discouraged. Over time substitutes have been developed for some of the original ''-um-'' words and new ones have been coined. Regular derivations may in some cases substitute for a word in ''-um-''; in other cases they may be similar but not exact replacements; and in still others, a substitutable word may be considered jargon (like using 'a catarrh' for 'a cold' in English). Semi-regular use One area where the derivations is ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esperanto Vocabulary
The original word base of Esperanto contained around 900 root words and was defined in ''Unua Libro'' ("First Book"), published by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto dictionary, '' Universala vortaro'' ("International Dictionary"), which was written in five languages and supplied a larger set of root words, adding 1740 new words. The rules of the Esperanto language allow speakers to borrow words as needed, recommending only that they look for the most international words, and that they borrow one basic word and derive others from it, rather than borrowing many words with related meanings. Since then, many words have been borrowed from other languages, primarily those of Western Europe. In recent decades, most of the new borrowings or coinages have been technical or scientific terms; terms in everyday use are more likely to be derived from existing words (for example computer from o compute, or extending them to cover new meanin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intransitive
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb whose context does not entail a direct object. That lack of transitivity distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more objects. Additionally, intransitive verbs are typically considered within a class apart from modal verbs and defective verbs. Examples In the following sentences, verbs are used without a direct object: *"Rivers flow." *"I sneezed." *"My dog ran." *"Water evaporates when it's hot." *"You've grown since I last saw you!" *"I wonder how old I will be when I die." The following sentences contain transitive verbs (they entail one or more objects): *"We watched ''a movie'' last night." *"She's making ''promises''." *"When I said that, my sister smacked ''me''." *"Santa gave ''me'' ''a present''." *"He continuously clicked ''his pen'' and it was incredibly annoying to me." Some verbs, called ambitransitive verbs, may entail objects but do not always require one. Such a verb may be used as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Special Esperanto Adverbs
A limited number of Esperanto adverbs do not end with the regular adverbial ending ''-e''. Many of them function as more than just adverbs, such as ''hodiaŭ'' "today" (noun or adverb) and ''ankoraŭ'' "yet" or "still" (conjunction or adverb). Others are part of the correlative system, and will not be repeated here. The word class "adverb" is not well defined in any language, and it is sometimes difficult to say whether a word is an adverb. The Esperanto suffix ''-e'' is restricted to words that are clearly adverbial. Adverbs and the suffix ''-aŭ'' Alongside dedicated part-of-speech suffixes of Esperanto, such as adverbial ''-e'', adjectival ''-a'', and nominal ''-o'', the language has a grammatically neutral suffix ''-aŭ'' that has no defined part of speech. Words ending in ''-aŭ'' may be used for multiple grammatical functions. They are typically words whose part of speech is difficult to identify in other languages. The suffix ''-aŭ'' is not lexically productive: it is l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
