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Energy Analyzer
Energy analyser or energy analyzer may refer to: * A type of diagnostic probe used in the study of plasma physics * An electron energy analyzer, as used in Auger Electron Spectroscopy * Electrostatic analyzer An electrostatic analyzer or ESA is an instrument used in ion optics that employs an electric field to allow the passage of only those ions or electrons that have a given specific energy. It usually also focuses these particles (concentrates them) ..., a device used in mass spectroscopy to allow the passage ions or electrons that have a given specific energy * Wattmeter, an instrument which measures the electrical power circulating in any electric circuit See also * Power meter (other) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma Diagnostics
Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments, and experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma, such as plasma components' density, distribution function over energy (temperature), their spatial profiles and dynamics, which enable to derive plasma parameters. Invasive probe methods Ball-pen probe A ball-pen probe is novel technique used to measure directly the plasma potential in magnetized plasmas. The probe was invented by Jiří Adámek in the Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR in 2004. The ball-pen probe balances the electron saturation current to the same magnitude as that of the ion saturation current. In this case, its floating potential becomes identical to the plasma potential. This goal is attained by a ceramic shield, which screens off an adjustable part of the electron current from the probe collector due to the much smaller gyro–radius of the electrons. The electron temperature is proportional to the difference of ball-pen probe(plasm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
A Hanford scientist uses an Auger electron spectrometer to determine the elemental composition of surfaces. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science. It is a form of electron spectroscopy that relies on the Auger effect, based on the analysis of energetic electrons emitted from an excited atom after a series of internal relaxation events. The Auger effect was discovered independently by both Lise Meitner and Pierre Auger in the 1920s. Though the discovery was made by Meitner and initially reported in the journal ''Zeitschrift für Physik'' in 1922, Auger is credited with the discovery in most of the scientific community. Until the early 1950s Auger transitions were considered nuisance effects by spectroscopists, not containing much relevant material information, but studied so as to explain anomalies in X-ray spectroscopy data. Since 195 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrostatic Analyzer
An electrostatic analyzer or ESA is an instrument used in ion optics that employs an electric field to allow the passage of only those ions or electrons that have a given specific energy. It usually also focuses these particles (concentrates them) into a smaller area. ESAs are typically used as components of space instrumentation, to limit the scanning (sensing) energy range and, thereby also, the range of particles targeted for detection and scientific measurement. The closest analogue in photon optics is a filter. Radial cylindrical analyzer Electrostatic analyzers are designed in different configurations. A simple version is a radial cylindrical analyzer, which consists of two curved parallel plates at different potentials. Ions or electrons enter the analyzer at one end and either pass through the other end or collide with the walls of the analyzer, depending on their initial energy. In these types of analyzers, only the radial component of the velocity of a charged particle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wattmeter
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active power (or the average of the rate of flow of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements. A wattmeter reads the average value of the product ''v(t)i(t) = p(t)'', where ''v(t)'' is the voltage with positive reference polarity at the ± terminal with respect to the other terminal of the potential coil, and ''i(t)'' is the current with reference direction flowing into the ± terminal of the current coil. The wattmeter reads ''P = (1/T) ∫0T v(t)i(t) dt'', which in sinusoidal steady-state reduces to ''V''rms ''I''rms cos(φ), where ''T'' is the period of ''p(t)'' and φ is the angle by which the current lags the voltage. History The Hungarian Ottó Bláthy patented his AC wattmeter. In 1974 Maghar S. Chana, Ramond L. Kraley, Eric A. Hauptmann Barry, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
