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Elbrus Climbing Routes
There exist a number of climbing routes used to reach the summit of the Mount Elbrus, most based in approaches through Prielbrusye National Park on its southeastern flank. Normal Route The Normal Route is the easiest, safest and fastest on account of the cable car and chairlift system which operates from about 9am till 3pm. Starting for the summit at about 2am from the Diesel Hut should allow just enough time to get back down to the chairlift if movement is efficient. In bad weather the chairlift section may be closed, also note the chairlift ride is 15-minutes long and can be very cold. The majority of groups take the cable car system from Azau roadhead to Mir Station from where either a one-hour walk or a chairlift takes them to Garabashi – "The Barrels" or to Leaprus hut – also called "The crashed UFO". Above it may be possible to hire a snowcat to go to the Diesel Hut (site of the burnt "Priut 11" Hut) or higher to Pastukhova Rocks. Walking this takes 90 minutes to the hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elbrus South Route (en)
Mount Elbrus; ; is the highest mountain in Russia and Europe. It is a dormant volcano, dormant stratovolcano rising above sea level, and is the highest volcano in Eurasia, as well as the List of mountain peaks by prominence, tenth-most prominent peak in the world. It is situated in the southern Russian Republics of Russia, republic of Kabardino-Balkaria in the Western Caucasus, western extension of North Caucasus, Ciscaucasia, and is the highest peak of the Caucasus Mountains. Elbrus has two Summit (topography), summits, both of which are dormant Lava dome, volcanic domes. The taller, western summit is ; the eastern summit is . The earliest recorded ascent of the eastern summit was on 10 July 1829 by a Circassians, Circassian man named Khillar Khashirov, and the western summit in 1874 by a British expedition led by Florence Crauford Grove, F. Crauford Grove and including Frederick Gardiner (mountaineer), Frederick Gardiner, Horace Walker and the Swiss guide Etymology The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mount Elbrus
Mount Elbrus; ; is the highest mountain in Russia and Europe. It is a dormant stratovolcano rising above sea level, and is the highest volcano in Eurasia, as well as the tenth-most prominent peak in the world. It is situated in the southern Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria in the western extension of Ciscaucasia, and is the highest peak of the Caucasus Mountains. Elbrus has two summits, both of which are dormant volcanic domes. The taller, western summit is ; the eastern summit is . The earliest recorded ascent of the eastern summit was on 10 July 1829 by a Circassian man named Khillar Khashirov, and the western summit in 1874 by a British expedition led by F. Crauford Grove and including Frederick Gardiner, Horace Walker and the Swiss guide Etymology The name ''Elbrus'' seems to have a connection with '' Alborz'' (also called Elburz), which is also the name of a long mountain range in northern Iran. The name is derived from Avestan ''Harā Bərəzait� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prielbrusye National Park
Prielbrusye National Park () (also, Prielbrus'e, in English, "area by Mount Elbrus") is in the area around Mount Elbrus (also called Prielbrusye in Russian), the highest mountain in Europe at 5,642 meters above sea level. The relative isolation of steep gorges has led to high levels of endemism and biodiversity. The park is in the central Caucasus Mountains, one of 22 national parks in the Caucasus of different nationalities, covering 1.8% of the region. The park is situated in Elbrussky District and Zolsky District, in the southwestern corner of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic of Russia. Topography Prielbrusye National Park is located on the peaks and north slope of the central Caucasus Mountains, with some southern slope areas, at elevations ranging from 1400 – 5642 meters. The terrain includes mountain peaks and side-ridges, glaciers, lava flows, lake basins, and lower elevations, a limited system of forested river valleys. Mount Elbrus is on the western boundary of the park ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chairlift
An elevated passenger ropeway, or chairlift, is a type of aerial lift, which consists of a continuously circulating steel wire rope loop strung between two end terminals and usually over intermediate towers. They are the primary on-hill transport at most ski areas (in such cases referred to as 'ski lifts'), but are also found at amusement parks and various tourist attractions. Depending on carrier size and loading efficiency, a passenger ropeway can move up to 4,000 people per hour, and the fastest lifts achieve operating speeds of up to or . The two-person double chair, which for many years was the workhorse of the ski industry, can move roughly 1,200 people per hour at rope speeds of up to . The four person detachable chairlift ("high-speed quad") can transport 2,400 people per hour with an average rope speed of . Some bi- and tri-cable elevated ropeways and reversible tramways achieve much greater operating speeds. Design and function A chairlift consists of numerous c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Snowcat
A snowcat (a portmanteau of snow and caterpillar) is an enclosed-cab, truck-sized, fully tracked vehicle designed to travel over snow. Major manufacturers are PistenBully (Germany), Prinoth (Italy), and Tucker (United States). Snow groomers A snowcat dedicated to snow maintenance rather than transport is known as a snow groomer. Other terms are "piste machines", "trail groomers" (in North American English) or "piste bashers" (in British English) because of their use in preparing ski trails (" pistes") or snowmobile trails. Other functions In addition to grooming snow they are used for polar expeditions, logging in marsh areas, leveling sugar beet piles, medical evacuations, and seismic studies in the wilderness. Design Most snowcats, such as the ones produced by Bombardier or Aktiv in the past, have two tracks, fitted with a Christie suspension or a Horstmann suspension. Others, like the Tucker Sno-Cat and Hägglunds '' Bandvagn 206'' vehicles, have a complex arr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineralnye Vody
Mineralnye Vody (Min-Vody) ( rus, Минеральные Воды (Мин-Воды), p=mʲɪnʲɪˈralʲnɨjə ˈvodɨ, mʲɪn ˈvodɨ; lit. ''mineral waters'') is a town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located along the Kuma River and the main rail line between Rostov-on-Don in Russia and Baku in Azerbaijan. Population: History The town owes its birth to the construction of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz Railway, which was completed in 1875. In 1878, the village which developed around the construction was officially recognized and named Sultanovsky. In 1906 the name was changed to Illarionovsky, in honor of Count I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov, a local nobleman. In October 1921, at the end of the civil war when Soviet rule had been established, the name was again changed to Mineralnye Vody and town status was granted. The new town had a population of around 14,000 people. It was occupied by Nazi Germany between 10 August 1942 and 11 January 1943 during World War II. During the German occupation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glacier
A glacier (; or ) is a persistent body of dense ice, a form of rock, that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as crevasses and seracs, as it slowly flows and deforms under stresses induced by its weight. As it moves, it abrades rock and debris from its substrate to create landforms such as cirques, moraines, or fjords. Although a glacier may flow into a body of water, it forms only on land“Glacier, N., Pronunciation.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7553486115. Accessed 25 Jan. 2025. and is distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets (also known as "continental glaciers") in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on ever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bivouac Shelter
A bivouac shelter or bivvy (alternately ''bivy'', ''bivi'', ''bivvi'') is any of a variety of improvised camp site or shelter that is usually of a temporary nature, used especially by soldiers or people engaged in backpacking, bikepacking, scouting or mountain climbing. It may often refer to sleeping in the open with a bivouac sack, but it may also refer to a shelter constructed of natural materials like a structure of branches to form a frame, which is then covered with leaves, ferns and similar material for waterproofing and duff (leaf litter) for insulation. Modern bivouacs often involve the use of one- or two-person tents but may also be without tents or full cover. In modern mountaineering the nature of the bivouac shelter will depend on the level of preparedness, in particular whether existing camping and outdoor gear may be incorporated into the shelter. Etymology The word ''bivouac'' is French and ultimately derives from an 18th-century Swiss German usage of ''Beiwacht ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crampon
A crampon is a traction device attached to footwear to improve mobility on snow and ice during ice climbing. Besides ice climbing, crampons are also used for secure travel on snow and ice, such as crossing glaciers, snowfields and icefields, ascending snow slopes, and scaling ice-covered rock. There are three main attachment systems: step-in, hybrid, and strap bindings. The first two require boots with welts, or specialized mountaineering boots with dedicated front and rear lugs, as a cam-action lever attaches the crampon to the heel. The last type (strap bindings) is more versatile and can adapt to virtually any boot or shoe, but often does not fit as precisely as the other two types. Oscar Eckenstein designed the first 10-point crampon in 1908, dramatically reducing the need for step cutting. This design was then made commercially available by the Italian Henry Grivel. Characteristics Materials Crampons are made of steel alloy, lightweight aluminum, or a combination ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Douglas Freshfield
Douglas William Freshfield (27 April 1845 – 9 February 1934) was a British lawyer, mountaineer and author, who edited the ''Alpine Journal ''from 1872 to 1880. He was president of both the Royal Geographical Society and the Alpine Club. He was also the founding president of the Geographical Association. He served from 1897 to 1911, the longest serving president in the history of the Association. Early life and education Born in London, Freshfield was the only son of Henry Ray Freshfield and his wife Jane Quinton Crawford. His father was a notable lawyer and member of the family firm of Freshfields. His mother was the daughter of William Crawford, MP for the City of London (1833–1841), who had made a fortune in the East India Company. She was an author and her publications included "Alpine Byways" and "A Tour of the Grisons" (the Swiss Alps now known as Graubünden). In an interview with Adolfo Hess, Freshfield recalls that his family loved to take long holidays in the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baksan River
The Baksan () is a river in Kabardino-Balkaria in Russia. It flows east northeast and joins the Malka just before that river joins the northwest bend of the Terek. The Baksan is long, with a drainage basin of . Course The Baksan River is a 169 km long river with a catchment area of 6800 km². It originates from the glaciers Azau Bolshoi and Azau Maly in the Elbrus region and its food source is mainly glacial, snow and underground. The river experiences high water levels during July and August. The Baksan River has several notable tributaries, the largest of which are the Cherek and Chegem Chegem (; ; , ''Çegem'') is a town and the administrative center of Chegemsky District of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia, located north of Nalchik, at the elevation of about . Population: History Originally called Chegem Pervy ( ... rivers, which merge into the Baksan just upstream from its confluence with the Malka River. In the upper reaches of the Baksan and its tribu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MFA Russia; , МИД РФ) is the central government institution charged with leading the foreign policy and foreign relations of Russia. It is a continuation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which was under the supervision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), Soviet Ministry of External Relations. Sergey Lavrov, Sergei Lavrov is the current foreign minister. Structure The structure of the Russian MFA central office includes divisions, which are referred to as departments. Departments are divided into sections. Russian MFA Departments are headed by Directors and their sections by Heads. According to Presidential Decree 1163 of September 11, 2007, the Ministry is divided into 39 departments. Departments are divided into territorial (relations between Russia and foreign countries, grouped according to conventional regions) and functional (according to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
