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Education Segregation In The Mississippi Red Clay Region
The Mississippi Red Clay region was a center of education segregation. Before the ''Brown v. Board of Education'' decision in 1954, Mississippi sponsored ''freedom of choice'' policies that effectively segregated schools. After ''Brown'', the effort was private with some help from government. Government support has dwindled in every decade since. In the state capital, Jackson, some public schools were converted to white-only Council schools. Today, some all-white and mostly-white private schools remain throughout the region as a legacy of that period. Background The Red Clay region of Mississippi is a slice of the state, the middle third in the northern three-fifths. It includes the state capital Jackson and the city of Meridian. The counties of the Red Clay region are majority white. In 1970, Hinds County was also majority white (it is not today). The region differs demographically from the Mississippi Delta regions to the west, where African Americans are the majority popul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown V
Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors Orange (colour), orange and black. In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown combines red and green. The color brown is seen widely in nature, wood, soil, human brown hair, hair color, eye color and Human skin color, skin pigmentation. Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil. According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, brown is the least favorite color of the public; it is often associated with plainness, the rustic, feces, and poverty. More positive associations include baking, warmth, wildlife, and the autumn. Etymology The term is from Old English , in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color. The first recorded use of ''brown'' as a color name in English was in 1000. The Common Germanic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citizens' Councils
The Citizens' Councils (commonly referred to as the White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, segregationist organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South and created as part of a white backlash against the US Supreme Court's landmark ''Brown v. Board of Education'' ruling. The first was formed on July 11, 1954. The name was changed to the Citizens' Councils of America in 1956. With about 60,000 members across the Southern United States, the groups were founded primarily to oppose racial integration of public schools: the logical conclusion of the ''Brown v. Board of Education'' ruling. The Councils also worked to oppose voter registration efforts in the South (where most African Americans had been disenfranchised since the late 19th century) and integration of public facilities in general during the 1950s and 1960s. Members employed tactics such as economic boycotts, unjustified termination of employment, propaganda, and outright ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tougaloo College
Tougaloo College is a private historically black college in the Tougaloo area of Jackson, Mississippi. It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ and Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). It was originally established in 1869 by New York–based Christian missionaries for the education of freed slaves and their offspring. From 1871 until 1892 the college served as a teachers' training school funded by the state of Mississippi. In 1998, the buildings of the old campus were added to the National Register of Historic Places. Tougaloo College has a rich history of civic and social activism, including the Tougaloo Nine. History Establishment In 1869, the American Missionary Association of New York purchased of one of the largest former plantations in central Mississippi to build a college for freedmen and their children, recently freed slaves. The purchase included a standing mansion and outbuildings, which were immediately converted for use as a school.Edward Mayes''His ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Segregation In The Mississippi Delta
The Mississippi Delta region has had the most segregated schools -- and for the longest time—of any part of the United States. As recently as the 2016–2017 school year, East Side High School in Cleveland, Mississippi, was practically all black: 359 of 360 students were African-American. Background The Delta region of Mississippi is nineteen counties in the northwest of the state, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River and the south by the Yazoo River. It is a poor region of the country's poorest state. In the center is Sunflower County, which serves as an example for the region. It is consistently 72% Black or African-American at every census. In 1960, the average income of African Americans in Sunflower County was lower than the federal poverty line. Farm mechanization in the first half of the twentieth century, among other things, had made employment prospects bad in the region. As a result, from 1940 to 1970, there was net outward migration to northern and wester ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calhoun Academy (Mississippi)
Calhoun Academy (CA) is a private school in Pittsboro, Mississippi, founded in 1968 as a segregation academy. History When the Federal government began forcing Mississippi schools to accept black students, many white parents sought ways to avoid sending their children to school with black children. In 1968, Calhoun Academy was created to give white students the opportunity of a segregated education. In 1970, Calhoun Academy lost its tax exempt status when it declined to share its admissions policies with the IRS. In 1972, the Calhoun County board of education adopted a policy that public school teachers must enroll their children in public schools as a condition of retaining their employment.''Cook v. Hudson''511 F. 2d 744- Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit (1975) When 3 teachers were dismissed under this policy, they sued in federal court, alleging that the schoolboard had violated their First Amendment right to freedom of association and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jackson Academy (Mississippi)
Jackson Academy is a private school in Jackson, Mississippi founded by Loyal M. Bearrs in 1959. Bearss claimed he established the school to teach using an accelerated phonics program he developed, but the school remained completely racially segregated until 1986, including foregoing tax exemption in 1970 to avoid accepting Black students. Today, the school enrolls nearly 1200 students in grades K3 through 12, and is one of the largest independent schools in Mississippi. History In 1959, Loyal Bearss and ten families founded Jackson Academy, with the mission to teach children reading through the use of Bearss' phonics method, Beginning Phonics, developed while Bearss was working as a director of the speech and hearing clinic at University of Southern Mississippi, and as a faculty member at Millsaps College. By November 1960, JA was a private school corporation, jointly owned by the parents of its 49 students, and supervised by a board of directors elected from those parents. The s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blaine Amendment
The Blaine Amendment was a failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have prohibited direct government aid to educational institutions that have a religious affiliation. Most state constitutions already had such provisions, and thirty-eight of the fifty states have clauses that prohibit taxpayer funding of religious entities in their state constitutions. The measures were designed to deny government aid to parochial schools, especially those operated by the Catholic Church in locations with large immigrant populations. They emerged from a growing consensus among 19th-century U.S. Protestants that public education must be free from “sectarian” or “denominational” control, while it also reflected nativist tendencies hostile to immigrants. The amendments are generally seen as explicitly anti-Catholic because when they were enacted public schools typically included Protestant prayer, and taught from Protestant bibles, although debates about public funding of sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mississippi Association Of Independent Schools
The Midsouth Association of Independent Schools (MAIS) is a consortium of schools in Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana and Arkansas. It is responsible for accreditation of its member private schools as well as governing athletic competition for its member schools. It was founded in 1968 by a group of segregation academies. The association also operates two other organizations, the Mississippi Association of Independent Schools Educational Association and the Mississippi Association of Independent Schools Coaches Association. History Then named the Mississippi Private School Association, it was founded in 1968 as an accrediting agency for segregation academies. Many of those schools no longer exist, while others have minorities enrolled and are accredited by other bodies such as the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. 1987 marked the first time a Black student played on any MPSA boys' sports team, and in 2000 Christ Missionary and Industrial College High School became the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hodding Carter III
William Hodding Carter III (born April 7, 1935) is an American journalist and politician. He was Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs in the Jimmy Carter administration. Life and career Carter was born in New Orleans to journalist and publisher William Hodding Carter, II (1907–1972), and the former Betty Werlein (1910–2000). He grew up in Greenville, Mississippi, a Mississippi River delta city which is the seat of Washington County, Mississippi. Carter attended Greenville High School before transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. He ultimately returned to Greenville and graduated in 1953. He then attended Princeton University, from which he graduated ''summa cum laude'' in 1957. That same year, he married the former Margaret Ainsworth. They had a son, Hodding Carter IV (born 1962), and three daughters, Catherine Carter, Margaret Carter, and actress Finn Carter (born 1960). The couple divorced in 1978, and Carter that same year married Patricia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woodland Hills Academy (Mississippi)
Woodland Hills Academy was a private high school in Jackson, Mississippi, established in 1969 when the Jackson School Board was ordered to desegregate following the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. Woodland Hills was one of many private schools formed in Mississippi. In 1963, there were 17 private schools in the state; by 1970 there were 236. When the school opened in 1970, the Mississippi state Textbook Department illegally supplied books to the academy. Jackson, Mississippi was the home of the single largest sponsor of private segregated schools (segregation academies) in the United States, the Citizens' Council The campus site known variously as 401 Sheppard Road and 5055 Manhattan Road was the site of Council Manhattan High School (1966-1983). Woodland Hills Baptist Academy took over the site. Across the street was 5055 Manhattan Road, apparently the site of Council Manhattan High School (1966-1983). Both facilities were abandoned by 2008. Notable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hillcrest Christian School
Hillcrest Christian School is a private Private or privates may refer to: Music * " In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation'' * Private (band), a Denmark-based band * "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private'', written and also recorde ... Christian school in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. The school traces its history to a segregation academy founded by the White Citizens Council. History Racial segregation Hillcrest was established in 1970 as a segregation academy in response to the court-ordered integration of public schools. In 1985, W.J Simmons, chair of the state White Citizens Council, discussed the history of the school with ''Clarion-Ledger''. Simons acknowledged that "Race was a motivating factor in the early days." Simmons also stated "admitting blacks lowers educational standards. Racial mixing is wrong when it's forced. And if it's not forced, it's not likely to occur." In the same article, headmaster Gary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council School Advert (Clarion Ledger Sept 6 1968 Page 4)
A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or national level are not considered councils. At such levels, there may be no separate executive branch, and the council may effectively represent the entire government. A board of directors might also be denoted as a council. A committee might also be denoted as a council, though a committee is generally a subordinate body composed of members of a larger body, while a council may not be. Because many schools have a student council, the council is the form of governance with which many people are likely to have their first experience as electors or participants. A member of a council may be referred to as a councillor or councilperson, or by the gender-specific titles of councilman and councilwoman. In politics Notable examples of types of coun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
