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ECTS Grading Scale
The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission. Since many grading systems co-exist in Europe and, considering that interpretation of grades varies considerably from one country to another, if not from one institution to another, the ECTS grading scale has been developed to provide a common measure and facilitate the transfer of students and their grades between European higher education institutions, by allowing national and local grading systems to be interchangeable. Grades are reported on a carefully calibrated and uniform A-to-F scale combined with keywords and short qualitative definitions. Each institution makes its own decision on how to apply the ECTS grading scale to its system. The ECTS grade is not meant to replace the local grades but to be used optionally and additionally to effectively "translate" and "transcript" a grade from one institution to another. The ECTS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grade (education)
Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements for varying levels of achievements in a course. Grades can be assigned as letters (usually A through F), as a range (for example, 1 to 6), as a percentage, or as a number out of a possible total (often out of 100). In some countries, grades are averaged to create a grade point average (GPA). GPA is calculated by using the number of grade points a student earns in a given period of time. GPAs are often calculated for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, and can be used by potential employers or educational institutions to assess and compare applicants. A cumulative grade point average (CGPA), sometimes referred to as just GPA, is a measure of performance for all of a student's courses. History Yale University historian George Wilson Pierson writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when Presiden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Credit Transfer And Accumulation System
The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard means for comparing academic credits, i.e., the "volume of learning based on the defined learning outcomes and their associated workload" for higher education across the European Union and other collaborating European countries. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded. One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits that are normally equivalent to 1500–1800 hours of total workload, irrespective of standard or qualification type. ECTS credits are used to facilitate transfer and progression throughout the Union. ECTS also includes a standard grading scale, intended to be shown in addition to local (i.e. national) standard grades. Current systems See also * Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union * Bologna Process * European Higher Education Area * ECTS grading scale * Carnegie Unit and Student Hour * Erasmus Programme * Academic mobility Academic mobility ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body of about 32,000 European civil servants. The Commission is divided into departments known as Directorates-General (DGs) that can be likened to departments or ministries each headed by a Director-General who is responsible to a Commissioner. There is one member per member state, but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the general interest of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. The Commission President (currently Ursula von der Leyen) is proposed by the European Council (the 27 heads of state/governments) and elected by the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union then nominates the other members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President, and the 27 members as a team are then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcript Of Records
In education, a transcript is a certified record (inventory) of a student throughout a course of study having full enrollment history including all courses (or subjects) attempted, grades earned and degrees and awards conferred. In the United States, release of information from an official transcript without consent to a third party is prohibited by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. Alteration of a transcript is considered a felony in most states. Synonyms A transcript is sometimes referred to as a marksheet, marklist or report card. In the United States, a transcript is also called Cumulative Record File (CRF), permanent record, or simply record. In the European ECTS system, transcripts are called Transcript of Records (ToR). United States In United States education, a transcript is a copy of a student's permanent academic record, which usually means all courses taken, all grades received, all honors received and degrees conferred to a student fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statistics
Statistics (from German language, German: ''wikt:Statistik#German, Statistik'', "description of a State (polity), state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of statistical survey, surveys and experimental design, experiments.Dodge, Y. (2006) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', Oxford University Press. When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey sample (statistics), samples. Representative sampling as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Class Rank
Class rank is a measure of how a student's performance compares to other students in their class. It is commonly also expressed as a percentile. For instance, a student may have a GPA better than 750 of their classmates in a graduating class of 800. Use in high schools The use of class rank is currently in practice at about less than half of American high schools. Large public schools are more likely to rank their students than small private schools. Because many admissions officers were frustrated that many applications did not contain a rank, some colleges are using other information provided by high schools, in combination with a student's GPA to estimate a student's class rank. Many colleges say that the absence of a class rank forces them to put more weight on standardized test scores. Use in college admissions Colleges often use class rank as a factor in college admissions, although because of differences in grading standards between schools, admissions officers have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Grading In Denmark
In Denmark, the educational system has historically used a number of different systems of grading student performances, several of which are described below. The current grading system is the ''7-trins-skala'' (7-step-scale) which replaced the ''13-skala'' in 2006. Current scale Starting with the academic year 2005–06, a new scale was introduced, ''7-trins-skalaen'' ("7-step-scale"; colloquially dubbed the ''12-scale''), designed to be compatible with the ECTS-scale: The leading 0 in 00 and 02 is used to prevent fraud with grades. Furthermore, Undervisningsministeriet (the Ministry of Education) will adapt to a more international way of grading, by handing out a set number of grades per class. This is because in other countries, the grade A (12) is given twice as often as it is in Denmark (because of strict grading on absolute standards). Previous scales 1788: Latin scale The Latin scale had five steps: *''Laudabilis præ ceteris'' *''Laudabilis'' *''Haud illaudabil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Grading In Italy
There are two grading systems used in Italy: To someone familiar with both the Italian and the U.S. college systems, Italian grades are best translated into American grades (and vice versa) according to the following table: ''Scuola primaria, scuola secondaria di primo e secondo grado'' In Italian primary and secondary school a 10-point scale is used, 6 being the minimum grade for passing. Traditionally in the most prestigious high schools (Liceo Classico, Liceo Scientifico, Liceo Linguistico and Liceo delle Scienze Umane), grades vary within a limited range, between 2 and 8, often with each professor applying his/her own custom. When a professor wants to apply a more precise scale, instead of using the full 1–10 scale (which would have made their scale not comparable with that of other professors) they would often insert a plethora of symbols and decimals: the range between 5 and 6 would then be covered, in sequence, by 5+, 5½ and 6−. Sufficiency starts at 6. The "+" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Grading In Spain
Primary, secondary and Baccalaureate education In primary education, secondary education and Baccalaureate, Spain uses a 0 to 10-point grading scale: *9 and 10 is the best possible grade and is called "Sobresaliente (SB)" ("outstanding"). A special mention called " Matrícula de Honor" can be granted to a limited number of students per group (typically to up to 5% of the students). *7 and 8 is called "Notable (NT)" ("notable"). Sometimes a distinction is made between "notable bajo" 7 (low) and "notable alto" 8 (high). *6 is called "Bien (BI)" ("good"). *5 is called "Suficiente (SU)" ("sufficient"). These are positive grades. *Below 5 out of 10 is called "Insuficiente (IN)" ("insufficient"). This is a negative grade. Universities Spanish universities use two different grading scales. The students' performance is assessed using a 0 to 10-point grading scale, where 10 corresponds to the 100% of the academical contents of the course which in turn are regulated by the Ministry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Transfer
College transfer is the anticipated movement students consider between education providers and the related institutional processes supporting those secondary and post-secondary learners who actually do move with completed coursework or training that may be applicable to a degree pathway and published requirements. Overview Student movements between different education providers spanning secondary and post-secondary institutions of higher education are varied. College transfer covers the exploratory effort, self-assessment and enrollment steps students take considering their prior learning credentials - which could include coursework grades, credit recommendations or exams reflecting their prior leaning investment and efforts. The application, applicability and articulation of prior course credits from one college or university to another culminates in a student's transfer and enrollment in a program of study, aspiring to complete a college level credential. The assessment of prior l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Educational Policies And Initiatives Of The European Union
In the European Union education is at the responsibility of its Member States and their Ministries of education that they have; in such, the European Union institutions play only a supporting and overseeing role. According to Art. 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Community The EU also funds educational, vocational and citizenship-building programmes which encourage EU citizens to take advantage of opportunities which the EU offers its citizens to live, study and work in other countries. The best known of these is the Erasmus programme, under which more than 3,000,000 students have taken part in inter-university exchange and mobility over the last 20 years. Since 2000, conscious of the importance of Education and Training for their economic and social objectives, EU Member States have begun working together to achieve specific goals in the field of Education. By sharing examples of good policy practice, by taking part in Peer Learning activities, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
