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Dipogon Subintermedius
''Dipogon subintermedius'' is a spider wasp from the family Pompilidae. Identification Like '' D. bifasciatus'', this is an all-black species with bifasciated wings, but the female has shorter antennae than ''D. bifasciatus''. Distribution and habitat Found from southern Great Britain north, it has an isolated population in the central Scottish Highlands, although the species has not been recorded in Ireland, through central and eastern Europe east to Mongolia. It is the most common of the three species of ''Dipogon'' found in Britain. It prefers woodland and hedgerows where dead wood is present to provide breeding sites. Biology In Britain, this wasp flies from June to September. The only recorded prey in Britain is a species of spider '' Segestria senoculata'' from the family Segestriidae, but elsewhere, spiders of the genus ''Clubiona'' (Clubionidae) have been recorded as prey. The spider is carried to the wasp's nest by its spinnerets, and prey is then malaxated, which m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pompilidae
Wasps in the family Pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps, spider-hunting wasps, or pompilid wasps. The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies. Nearly all species are solitary (with the exception of some group-nesting Ageniellini), and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders. In South America, species may be referred to colloquially as or , though these names can be generally applied to any very large stinging wasps. Furthermore, in some parts of Venezuela and Colombia, it is called , or "horse killers", while in Brazil some particular bigger and brighter species of the general kind might be called /, or "throat locker". Morphology Like other strong fliers, pompilids have a thorax modified for efficient flight. The metathorax is solidly fused to the pronotum and mesothorax; moreover, the prothorax is best developed in Pompilidae a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dipogon Bifasciatus
''Dipogon bifasciatus'' is a spider wasp from the family Pompilidae. Description An all-black species with bifasciate wings, the generic name, '' Dipogon'' "two beards", refers to the tufts of forward-pointing bristles on the maxilla of the female, the purpose of which is to pack the nest entrance with old spider silk. Females grow to 5–9 mm in length, and males 4–7 mm. Distribution These spider wasps are found in southern Britain through Europe to Russia and on to Japan. In Europe, the southern limits are in Italy and Bulgaria. Habitat Open wooded areas such as forest edge, scrub, orchards and vineyards. They will use gardens. Biology ''Dipogon bifasciatus'' hunts crab spiders, of the family Thomisidae, in Britain ''Xysticus cristatus'' has been observed as a prey item. The prey are stored in cells created in old insect burrows dug into rotting wood, hollow stems and cracks in walls, and, unlike many other Pompilid Wasps in the family Pompilidae are common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The 60% smaller island of Ireland is to the west—these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago. Connected to mainland Europe until 9,000 years ago by a landbridge now known as Doggerland, Great Britain has been inhabited by modern humans for around 30,000 years. In 2011, it had a population of about , making it the world's third-most-populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The term "Great Britain" is often used to refer to England, Scotland and Wales, including their component adjoining islands. Great Britain and Northern Ireland now constitute the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scottish Highlands
The Highlands ( sco, the Hielands; gd, a’ Ghàidhealtachd , 'the place of the Gaels') is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands. The term is also used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name of ' literally means "the place of the Gaels" and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands. The area is very sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis. During the 18th and early 19th centuries the population of the Highlands rose to around 300,000, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the List of islands of the British Isles, second-largest island of the British Isles, the List of European islands by area, third-largest in Europe, and the List of islands by area, twentieth-largest on Earth. Geopolitically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. As of 2022, the Irish population analysis, population of the entire island is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million living in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the List of European islan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population. The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segestria Senoculata
''Segestria senoculata'', sometimes known as the snake-back spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Segestriidae. It has a Palearctic distribution. The common names of this species (which has a body length of around 9 mm) refer to a row of black spots along the back of the grey abdomen which are thought to resemble the pattern found on some snakes. However, on some specimens these markings fuse to form a solid band. The carapace is shiny dark brown and elongated and the legs are pale brown with darker ringing. As with other members of this family, this spider makes a tubular web in a crevice and darts out to catch prey which crosses trip lines which fan out from the tube's entrance. ''Segestria senoculata'' is the only recorded prey for the Pepsid spider wasp ''Dipogon subintermedius'' in Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the Br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segestriidae
Tube-dwelling spiders (Segestriidae) are a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1893. It consists of five genera, two large and widespread, '' Segestria'' and ''Ariadna'', and three smaller genera, '' Citharoceps'', '' Gippsicola'' and '' Indoseges''. They are haplogyne spiders, related to the Dysderidae and placed in clade or superfamily Dysderoidea. Members of this family are easily recognized because their first three pairs of legs are arranged forward instead of two and they have six eyes instead of eight, arranged in a semicircle. The leg structure appears to be an adaptation for living in silken tubes. Unlike those of the atypical tarantulas, these tubes may branch and are often built in tree bark fissures, as well as under stones. Both ''Segestria'' and ''Ariadna'' live in North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa and New Zealand, though ''Ariadna'' also lives in Australia. Genera , the World Spider Catalog accepts the following gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clubiona
''Clubiona'' is a genus of sac spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. Species the genus contains 493 species and seven subspecies. These species and subspecies are found in Oceania, Africa, North America, the Caribbean, Asia, Europe, South America, Panama, and on Saint Helena: *'' C. abbajensis'' Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia, Somalia, Central, East Africa **'' Clubiona a. karisimbiensis'' Strand, 1916 – East Africa **'' Clubiona a. kibonotensis'' Lessert, 1921 – East Africa **'' Clubiona a. maxima'' Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia, East Africa *'' C. abboti'' L. Koch, 1866 – USA, Canada **'' Clubiona a. abbotoides'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1946 – USA *'' C. aberrans'' Dankittipakul, 2012 – Thailand *'' C. abnormis'' Dankittipakul, 2008 – Thailand, Laos *'' C. acanthocnemis'' Simon, 1906 – India *'' C. achilles'' Hogg, 1896 – Australia (Central) *'' C. acies'' Nicolet, 1849 – Chile *'' C. aciformis'' Zhang & Hu, 1991 – China *'' C. acule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clubionidae
The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae have a very confusing taxonomic history. Once, this family was a large catch-all taxon for a disparate collection of spiders, similar only in that they had eight eyes arranged in two rows and conical anterior spinnerets that touched, and were wandering predators that built silken retreats, or sacs, usually on plant terminals, between leaves, under bark, or under rocks. These are now recognized to include several families, some of which are more closely related to the three-clawed spiders, like lynx and wolf spiders, than to Clubionidae and related families.Tree of Life Web Project. 2006. Clubionidae. Version 25 March 2006 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Clubionidae/2675/2006.03.25 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/ General The remnant Clubionidae now consist of a few over 500 species in 15 genera worldwide. However, "sac spider" used on its own should imply a member of the family Clubionidae, but other common names may us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaxation
Malaxation (sometimes Malaxate or Malax) refers to the action of kneading, rubbing or massaging a substance to softness. The term is applied differently in various fields. The term " malaxator" may refer to a malaxating mill or to a substance added to assist in the process. Etymology The word derives from 17th - 18th century Latin ''malaxare'', related to Greek ''μαλακος'' (''malakos'') meaning "soft". Agriculture In olive oil extraction, malaxation is the action of slowly churning or mixing milled olives, typically for 20 to 40 minutes. The churning allows the smaller droplets of oil released by the milling process to aggregate and be more easily separated. The paste is normally heated to around 27 °C during this process. Oil yield is proportional to the temperature and mixing time. However, the use of higher temperatures and longer mixing times increases oxidation of the oil and therefore decreases shelf life, so a compromise must be struck. Also, the usage of higher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
