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Digital Control
Digital control is a branch of control theory that uses digital computers to act as system controllers. Depending on the requirements, a digital control system can take the form of a microcontroller to an ASIC to a standard desktop computer. Since a digital computer is a discrete system, the Laplace transform is replaced with the Z-transform. Since a digital computer has finite precision (''See quantization''), extra care is needed to ensure the error in coefficients, analog-to-digital conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, etc. are not producing undesired or unplanned effects. Since the creation of the first digital computer in the early 1940s the price of digital computers has dropped considerably, which has made them key pieces to control systems because they are easy to configure and reconfigure through software, can scale to the limits of the memory or storage space without extra cost, parameters of the program can change with time (''See adaptive control'') and dig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Control Theory
Control theory is a field of mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any ''delay'', ''overshoot'', or ''steady-state error'' and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality. To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled process variable (PV), and compares it with the reference or set point (SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the ''error'' signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability. Control theory is used in control system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Space (controls)
In control engineering, a state-space representation is a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations or difference equations. State variables are variables whose values evolve over time in a way that depends on the values they have at any given time and on the externally imposed values of input variables. Output variables’ values depend on the values of the state variables. The " state space" is the Euclidean space in which the variables on the axes are the state variables. The state of the system can be represented as a ''state vector'' within that space. To abstract from the number of inputs, outputs and states, these variables are expressed as vectors. If the dynamical system is linear, time-invariant, and finite-dimensional, then the differential and algebraic equations may be written in matrix form. The state-space method is characterized by significant algebraization of general syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Control Theory
Control theory is a field of mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any ''delay'', ''overshoot'', or ''steady-state error'' and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality. To do this, a controller with the requisite corrective behavior is required. This controller monitors the controlled process variable (PV), and compares it with the reference or set point (SP). The difference between actual and desired value of the process variable, called the ''error'' signal, or SP-PV error, is applied as feedback to generate a control action to bring the controlled process variable to the same value as the set point. Other aspects which are also studied are controllability and observability. Control theory is used in control system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analog Control
An analog stick (or analogue stick in British English), sometimes called a control stick or thumbstick, is an input device for a controller (often a game controller) that is used for two-dimensional input. An analog stick is a variation of a joystick, consisting of a protrusion from the controller; input is based on the position of this protrusion in relation to the default "center" position. While digital sticks rely on single electrical connections for movement (using internal digital electrical contacts for up, down, left and right), analog sticks use continuous electrical activity running through potentiometers to measure the exact position of the stick within its full range of motion. The analog stick has greatly overtaken the D-pad in both prominence and usage in console video games. Usage in video games The initial prevalence of analog sticks was as peripherals for flight simulator games, to better reflect the subtleties of control required for such titles. It was during t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adaptive Control
Adaptive control is the control method used by a controller which must adapt to a controlled system with parameters which vary, or are initially uncertain. For example, as an aircraft flies, its mass will slowly decrease as a result of fuel consumption; a control law is needed that adapts itself to such changing conditions. Adaptive control is different from robust control in that it does not need ''a priori'' information about the bounds on these uncertain or time-varying parameters; robust control guarantees that if the changes are within given bounds the control law need not be changed, while adaptive control is concerned with control law changing itself. Parameter estimation The foundation of adaptive control is parameter estimation, which is a branch of system identification. Common methods of estimation include recursive least squares and gradient descent. Both of these methods provide update laws that are used to modify estimates in real-time (i.e., as the system operates). L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sampled Data Systems
Sample or samples may refer to: Base meaning * Sample (statistics), a subset of a population – complete data set * Sample (signal), a digital discrete sample of a continuous analog signal * Sample (material), a specimen or small quantity of something * Sample (graphics), an intersection of a color channel and a pixel * SAMPLE history, a mnemonic acronym for questions medical first responders should ask * Product sample, a sample of a consumer product that is given to the consumer so that he or she may try a product before committing to a purchase * Standard cross-cultural sample, a sample of 186 cultures, used by scholars engaged in cross-cultural studies People * Sample (surname) * Samples (surname) * Junior Samples (1926–1983), American comedian Places * Sample, Kentucky, unincorporated community, United States * Sampleville, Ohio, unincorporated community, United States * Hugh W. and Sarah Sample House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa, United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monic Polynomial
In algebra, a monic polynomial is a single-variable polynomial (that is, a univariate polynomial) in which the leading coefficient (the nonzero coefficient of highest degree) is equal to 1. Therefore, a monic polynomial has the form: :x^n+c_x^+\cdots+c_2x^2+c_1x+c_0 Univariate polynomials If a polynomial has only one indeterminate ( univariate polynomial), then the terms are usually written either from highest degree to lowest degree ("descending powers") or from lowest degree to highest degree ("ascending powers"). A univariate polynomial in ''x'' of degree ''n'' then takes the general form displayed above, where : ''c''''n'' ≠ 0, ''c''''n''−1, ..., ''c''2, ''c''1 and ''c''0 are constants, the coefficients of the polynomial. Here the term ''c''''n''''x''''n'' is called the ''leading term'', and its coefficient ''c''''n'' the ''leading coefficient''; if the leading coefficient , the univariate polynomial is called monic. Properties Multiplicatively closed The s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Short (engineer)
Michael Short (born August 1975) is Professor of Control Engineering and Systems Informatics and leads the Centre for Sustainable Engineering at Teesside University in the UK. He received a BEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) in 1999 and a PhD (Robotics) in 2003 from the University of Sunderland. In 2012 he was also awarded a PGCHE from Teesside University. He was previously at the University of Leicester until 2009, and was made Reader (Professor) in January 2015 and full (Chair) Professor (by Research) in August 2020. Michael is also a time-served automation and process control engineer, with eight years' industrial experience. Michael is a full member of the Institute of Engineering and Technology ( MIET) since 1999, a fellow of the Higher Education Academy ( FHEA) since 2012 and a full member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( MIEEE), and he also sits on the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Technical Committee on Factory Automation (TCFA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulse-transfer Function
In engineering, a transfer function (also known as system function or network function) of a system, sub-system, or component is a mathematical function that theoretically models the system's output for each possible input. They are widely used in electronics and control systems. In some simple cases, this function is a two-dimensional graph of an independent scalar input versus the dependent scalar output, called a transfer curve or characteristic curve. Transfer functions for components are used to design and analyze systems assembled from components, particularly using the block diagram technique, in electronics and control theory. The dimensions and units of the transfer function model the output response of the device for a range of possible inputs. For example, the transfer function of a two-port electronic circuit like an amplifier might be a two-dimensional graph of the scalar voltage at the output as a function of the scalar voltage applied to the input; the transfer f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Padé Table
In complex analysis, a Padé table is an array, possibly of infinite extent, of the rational Padé approximants :''R''''m'', ''n'' to a given complex formal power series. Certain sequences of approximants lying within a Padé table can often be shown to correspond with successive convergents of a continued fraction representation of a holomorphic or meromorphic function. History Although earlier mathematicians had obtained sporadic results involving sequences of rational approximations to transcendental functions, Frobenius (in 1881) was apparently the first to organize the approximants in the form of a table. Henri Padé further expanded this notion in his doctoral thesis ''Sur la representation approchee d'une fonction par des fractions rationelles'', in 1892. Over the ensuing 16 years Padé published 28 additional papers exploring the properties of his table, and relating the table to analytic continued fractions. Modern interest in Padé tables was revived by H. S. Wall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnold Tustin
Arnold Tustin, (16 July 1899 – 9 January 1994), was a British engineer, and Professor of Engineering at the University of Birmingham and at Imperial College London, who made important contributions to the development of control engineering and its application to electrical machines. Biography Tustin started working in 1914 at the age of 16 as an apprentice to the C. A. Parsons and Company, of Newcastle upon Tyne. He entered Armstrong College, later part of Newcastle University, in 1916, served in the Royal Engineers in World War I, and eventually received his Master degree in science in 1922. In 1922 he joined Metropolitan-Vickers (Metro-Vick) as a graduate trainee. In the early 1930s he worked for Metro-Vick in Russia for two years, advising and selling equipment to the government companies. Here, he wrote his first book on the design of electric motors, which was also translated into Russian. In the late 1930s and during World War II Tustin was working on the Metadyne con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jury Stability Criterion
In signal processing and control theory, the Jury stability criterion is a method of determining the stability of a linear discrete time system by analysis of the coefficients of its characteristic polynomial. It is the discrete time analogue of the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion. The Jury stability criterion requires that the system poles are located inside the unit circle centered at the origin, while the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion requires that the poles are in the left half of the complex plane. The Jury criterion is named after Eliahu Ibraham Jury. Method If the characteristic polynomial of the system is given by :f(z) = a_n+a_z^1+a_z^2+\dots+a_1z^ + a_0z^n then the table is constructed as follows:Discrete-time control systems (2nd ed.), pg. 185. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA ©1995 That is, the first row is constructed of the polynomial coefficients in order, and the second row is the first row in reverse order and conjugated. The third ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
