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Dexivates
The Dexivates (Gaulish: ''Dexiuates'') were a small Gallic tribe dwelling in the southern part of modern Vaucluse, near the present-day village of Cadenet, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name The tribe is attested as ''Dexivatium'' (var. ''dexuia''-) by Pliny in the 1st century AD. The Gaulish ethnonym ''Dexiuates'' derives from the stem ''deksiu(o)-'' ('on the right, in the south, favourable'). A local goddess is also attested as ''Dexiua (Dea)'' or ''Dexsiua''. The name ''Dexivates'' thus either means 'those who live in the south' (i.e. 'the Southerners'), or 'those of the goddess Dexiua' (i.e. 'Worshippers of Dexiua'), whose name could be translated as 'she who is on the right / in the south', whence 'the Favourable'. Geography The territory of the Dexivates was located in the Durance valley, south of the Luberon massif, in what is today known as the . They dwelled north of the Salyes and Anatilii, east of the Cavares, south of the Vocontii and Albici, and west ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salyes
The Salyes or Salluvii (Greek: ) were an ancient Celto-Ligurian people dwelling between the Durance river and the Greek colony of Massalia during the Iron Age. Although earlier writers called them 'Ligurian', Strabo used the denomination 'Celto-ligurian', and a Celtic influence is noticeable in their religion, which centred on the cult of the ''tête coupée'' ('severed head'). In fact, the Salyes were most likely at the head of a political and military confederation that united both Gallic and Ligurian tribes. During most of the early history, the Salyes were in conflict with the neighbouring Greek inhabitants of Massalia, and later on with their ally the Roman Republic, until the consul Gaius Sextius Calvinus sacked their hill-fort Entremont ca. 122 BC. Revolts against the Roman conquerors were crushed in 90 and 83 BC. Name They are mentioned as ''Sallyas'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Salluvii'' and ''Saluum'' (var. ''Saluium'', ''Salluuiorum'') by Livy (late 1st c. BC), ''S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatilii
The Anatilii were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the Alpilles region during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Anatiliorum'' by Pliny (1st c. AD).Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia'', 3:34, 3:36., s.v. ''Anatilii''. Their name may be related to Gaulish ''anatia'', meaning 'souls'. Geography Pliny mentions a ''regio Anatiliorum'' situated between the ''Campi lapidei'' (the Crau) and the territories of Dexivates (between the Durance and Luberon) and Cavari (around present-day Avignon and Cavaillon). Their territory was located north of Libicii and Avatici, east of the Volcae Arecomici. According to historian Guy Barruol, they were part of the Saluvian confederation. An oppidum with Latin Rights given by Pliny as ''Anatilia'' has been linked to the site of Vernègues, near Salon-de-Provence Salon-de-Provence (, ; oc, label= Provençal Occitan, Selon de Provença/Seloun de Provènço, ), commonly known as Salon, is a commune located about northwest of Marseille in the Bouch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cavares
The Cavarī or Cavarēs (Gaulish: *''Cauaroi'', 'the heroes, champions, mighty men') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the western part of modern Vaucluse, around the present-day cities of Avignon, Orange and Cavaillon, during the Roman period. They were at the head of a confederation of tribes that included the Tricastini, Segovellauni and Memini, and whose territory stretched further north along the Rhône Valley up to the Isère river. Name They are mentioned as ''Kaouárōn'' (Καουάρων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Cavarum'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Cavarum'' and ''Cavaras'' by Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD), ''Kaúaroi'' (Καύαροι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Cavares'' on the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (5th c. AD). The ethnonym ''Cavarī'' is a latinized form of Gaulish *''Cauaroi'' (sing. *''Cauaros''), meaning 'the heroes', or 'the mighty men'. It derives from the Celtic stem ''*kawaro-'', meaning 'hero, champion' (cf. Old Irish ''cuar'' 'hero, champion, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reii
The Reii were a Celto-Ligurian tribe dwelling in the modern department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name The ethnonym ''Reii'' has been interpreted as meaning 'the free ones', stemming from an earlier *''Reiī'' (''<'' *''Riioi''), itself formed with the Celtic stem *''riio''- ('free'). According to , the Reii could have been a group of freedmen or, more probably, an autonomous tribe among a group of subjugated peoples. The city of , attested as ''Alebaece Reiorum Apollinarium'' in the 1st c. AD (''concilium Regense'' in 439, ''civitati Regensi'' in 990–7, ''Rietz'' in 1402) is named after the tribe. Geography Territory [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical Celtic Peoples
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mars (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars ( la, Mārs, ) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and was pre-eminent among the Roman army's military gods. Most of his festivals were held in March, the month named for him ( Latin ''Martius''), and in October, which began the season for military campaigning and ended the season for farming. Under the influence of Greek culture, Mars was identified with the Greek god Ares,''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. whose myths were reinterpreted in Roman literature and art under the name of Mars. The character and dignity of Mars differed in fundamental ways from that of his Greek counterpart, who is often treated with contempt and revulsion in Greek literature. Mars's altar in the Campus Martius, the area of Rome that took its name from him, was supposed to have been dedicated by Numa, the peace-lov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bona Dea
Bona Dea (; 'Good Goddess') was a List of Roman deities, goddess in Religion in ancient Rome, ancient Roman religion. She was associated with chastity and fertility in Women in ancient Rome, Roman women, healing, and the protection of the SPQR, state and people of Rome. According to Roman literary sources, she was brought from Magna Graecia at some time during the early or middle Roman Republic, Republic, and was given her own Religion in ancient Rome#History of Roman religion, state cult on the Aventine Hill. Her rites allowed women the use of strong wine and blood-sacrifice, things otherwise forbidden them by Mos maiorum, Roman tradition. Men were barred from her Greco-Roman mysteries, mysteries and the possession of her true name. Given that male authors had limited knowledge of her rites and attributes, ancient speculations about her identity abound, among them that she was an aspect of Terra (mythology), Terra, Ops, Cybele, or Ceres (mythology), Ceres, or a Latins (Italic trib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massilia
Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία; Latin: Massilia; modern Marseille) was an ancient Greek colony founded ca. 600 BC on the Mediterranean coast of present-day France, east of the river Rhône, by Ionian Greek settlers from Phocaea, in Western Anatolia. Marseille is the oldest city of France, and one of Europe's oldest continuously inhabited settlements. History Massalia was established ca. 600 BC by Ionian Greek settlers from Phocaea, in Western Anatolia. After the capture of Phocaea by the Persians in 545 BC, a new wave of settlers fled towards the colony. A creation myth telling the meeting between the Greeks and the local population is given by Aristotle and Pompeius Trogus (see founding myth of Marseille). After the middle of the 6th century BC, Massalia became an important trading post of the western Mediterranean area. It grew into creating colonies of its own on the sea coast of Gallia Narbonensis during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, including Agathe (late 5th–early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protohistory
Protohistory is a period between prehistory and history during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures have already noted the existence of those pre-literate groups in their own writings. For example, in Europe, the Celts and the Germanic tribes are considered to have been protohistoric when they began appearing in Greek and Roman sources. Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of literacy in a society and the writings of the first historians. The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters, as they can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events. Colonial sites involving a literate group and a nonliterate group are also studied as protohistoric situations. The term can also refer to a period in which fragmentary or external historical documents, not necessarily including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea, the Yayo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural History (Pliny)
The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work's title, its subject area is not limited to what is today understood by natural history; Pliny himself defines his scope as "the natural world, or life". It is encyclopedic in scope, but its structure is not like that of a modern encyclopedia. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published. He published the first 10 books in AD 77, but had not made a final revision of the remainder at the time of his death during the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius. The rest was published posthumously by Pliny's nephew, Pliny the Younger. The work is divided into 37 books, organised into 10 volumes. These cover topics including astronomy, mathematics, geography, ethnography, anthropology, human physiolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guy Barruol
Guy Barruol (born 10 June 1934) is a French historian and archaeologist. He is director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Biography Guy Barruol was born on 10 June 1934 in Mazan, Vaucluse, the son of Jean Barruol (1898–1982), a local historian and the author of numerous books on ancient and medieval Provence. Barruol entered the CNRS in January 1962 as an intern, then was awarded the post of research assistant in 1963, research fellow in 1967, senior research fellow in 1967, and eventually became director of research in 1985. Since June 2000, he has been director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Barruol was the director of the Antiquités Historiques of Languedoc-Roussillon Languedoc-Roussillon (; oc, Lengadòc-Rosselhon ; ca, Llenguadoc-Rosselló) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to become Occitania. It comprised five departments, and ... from 1968 to 1982, and a member of the until 1999. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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