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Decoupling (other)
__NOTOC__ Decoupling usually refers to the ending, removal or reverse of coupling. Decoupling may also refer to: Economics * Decoupling (advertising), the purchase of services directly from suppliers rather than via an advertising agency * Decoupling (utility regulation), the disassociation of a utility's profits from its sales * Decoupling and re-coupling in economics and organizational studies ** Decoupling (organizational studies), creating and maintaining separation between policy, implementation and/or practice * Decoupling of wages from productivity, sometimes known as the Great Decoupling * Eco-economic decoupling, economic growth without increase in environmental costs Science * Decoupling (cosmology), transition from close interactions between particles to their effective independence * Decoupling (meteorology), change in the interaction between atmospheric layers at night * Decoupling (neuropsychopharmacology), changes in neurochemical binding sites as a consequence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coupling (other)
Coupling is a connection or joint between two things. Coupling may also refer to: *Coupling (physics), when two systems are interacting with each other **Rotational–vibrational coupling, occurring when rotation frequency of an object is close to or identical to a natural internal vibration frequency **Angular momentum coupling, the combining of quantized angular momentum (e.g., the interaction between two nuclei in nuclear magnetic resonance) **Quantum coupling, when quantum states in one of the systems will cause an instantaneous change in all of the bound systems *Coupling (computer programming), the degree to which each program module relies on each one of the other modules *Coupling (electronics), the transfer of a signal from one medium or circuit block to another *Coupling (genetics), a type of genetic linkage *Coupling (piping), a short length of pipe or tube to connect two pipes or tubes together *Coupling (probability), a proof technique in probability theory *Railway co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Decoupling
Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei. NMR coupling refers to the effect of nuclei on each other in atoms within a couple of bonds distance of each other in molecules. This effect causes NMR signals in a spectrum to be split into multiple peaks. Decoupling fully or partially eliminates splitting of the signal between the nuclei irradiated and other nuclei such as the nuclei being analyzed in a certain spectrum. NMR spectroscopy and sometimes decoupling can help determine structures of chemical compounds. Explanation NMR spectroscopy of a sample produces an NMR spectrum, which is essentially a graph of signal intensity on the vertical axis vs. chemical shift for a certain isotope on the horizontal axis. The signal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Railway Coupling
A coupling (or a coupler) is a mechanism typically placed at each end of a railway vehicle that connects them together to form a train. A variety of coupler types have been developed over the course of railway history. Key issues in their design include strength, reliability, ease of making connections and operator safety. The equipment that connects the couplings to the vehicles is the draft gear or draw gear and these must absorb the stresses of coupling and train acceleration. Nomenclature Compatible and similar couplings or couplers are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, or regional names, or nicknames, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing. Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era. Buffers and chain The basic type of coupling on railways following the British tradition is the bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coupling (computer Programming)
In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules; a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are; the strength of the relationships between modules. Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion. Low coupling often correlates with high cohesion, and vice versa. Low coupling is often thought to be a sign of a well-structured computer system and a good design, and when combined with high cohesion, supports the general goals of high readability and maintainability. History The software quality metrics of coupling and cohesion were invented by Larry Constantine in the late 1960s as part of a structured design, based on characteristics of “good” programming practices that reduced maintenance and modification costs. Structured design, including cohesion and coupling, were published in the article ''Stevens, Myers & Constantine'' (1974) and the book ''Yourdon & Constantine'' (1979), and the latter subsequently became stan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling Capacitor
A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to decouple one part of an electrical network (circuit) from another. Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor, reducing its effect on the rest of the circuit. For higher frequencies an alternative name is bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit. Discussion Active devices of an electronic system (transistors, ICs, vacuum tubes, for example) are connected to their power supplies through conductors with finite resistance and inductance. If the current drawn by an active device changes, voltage drops from power supply to device will also change due to these impedances. If several active devices share a common path to the power supply, changes in the current drawn by one element may produce voltage changes large enough to affect the operation of others – voltage spikes or ground bounce, for example – so the change of state of one device is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling (electronics)
In electronics, decoupling is the prevention of undesired coupling between subsystems. A common example is connecting localized decoupling capacitors close to the power leads of integrated circuits to suppress coupling via the power supply connections. These act as a small localized energy reservoir that supply the circuit with current during transient, high current demand periods, preventing the voltage on the power supply rail from being pulled down by the momentary current load. Another common example of the use of decoupling capacitors is across the emitter bias resistor of transistor common emitter In electronics, a common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. It offers high current gain (typically 200), medium input resistance a ... amplifiers to prevent the resistor absorbing a portion of the AC output power of the amplifier. Lossy ferrite beads may also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling For Body-focused Repetitive Behaviors
Decoupling is a behavioral self-help intervention developed for body-focused and related behaviors (DSM-5) such as trichotillomania, onychophagia (nail biting), skin picking and lip-cheek biting. The user is instructed to modify the original dysfunctional behavioral path by performing a counter-movement shortly before completing the self-injurious behavior (e.g. biting nails, picking skin, pulling hair). This is intended to trigger an irritation, which enables the person to detect and stop the compulsive behavior at an early stage. A systematic review from 2012 showed the efficacy of decoupling, which was corroborated by Lee et al. {{Cite journal, last1=Lee, first1=Melissa T., last2=Mpavaenda, first2=Davis N., last3=Fineberg, first3=Naomi A., date=2019-04-24, title=Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials, journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, volume=13, page ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling (probability)
In probability and statistics, decoupling is a reduction of a sample statistic to an average of the statistic evaluated on several independent sequences of the random variable. This sum, conditioned on all but one of the independent sequences, becomes a sum of independent random variables. Decoupling is used in the study of U statistics, where decoupling should not be confused with Hoeffding's decomposition, however. (Such "decoupling" is unrelated to the use of "coupling A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment or end mov ...s" in the study of stochastic processes.) References Probability theory Statistical theory {{statistics-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uncoupling (neuropsychopharmacology)
In neuropsychopharmacology, uncoupling, also known as decoupling, is the process of receptor- or ligand-binding sites or domains becoming separated, moving alignments and/or becoming internalised as a result of drug tolerance resulting from prolonged exposure to bioavailable psychoactive substances or toxin A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. Toxins occur especially as a protein or conjugated protein. The term toxin was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849– ...s. References Neuropharmacology Molecular neuroscience {{psych-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling (advertising)
Decoupling, in advertising, occurs when services that were previously subcontracted by advertising agencies are purchased directly from suppliers. Decoupling is part of the unbundling of the services previously provided by traditional full service advertising agencies, which originally began with the creation of standalone media buying agencies such as Zenith from Saatchi & Saatchi Group in the 1980s and Mindshare from WPP Group in the 1990s. For the same reasons as media (focus, economies of scale In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, and are typically measured by the amount of output produced per unit of time. A decrease in cost per unit of output enables ... and dedicated software) press production and digital production are now increasingly handled by standalone production agencies, which trade direct with advertisers and not through their advertising agencies. References {{Reflist http ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling (meteorology)
In weather forecasting, decoupling is boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers over land at night. During the day when the sun shines and warms the land, air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises. This rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth. At night this process stops and air near the surface cools as the land loses heat by radiating in the infrared Infrared (IR), sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than those of visible light. It is therefore invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to encompass wavelengths from around .... If winds are light, air near the surface of the earth can become much colder, compared to the air above it, than if more mixing of air layers occurred. {{Meteorology-stub Weather forecasting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoupling (cosmology)
In cosmology, decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other. This occurs as a result of the expansion of the universe, as their interaction rates decrease (and mean free paths increase) up to this critical point. The two verified instances of decoupling since the Big Bang which are most often discussed are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling, as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background, respectively. Photon decoupling is closely related to recombination, which occurred about 378,000 years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of ''z'' = ), when the universe was a hot opaque ("foggy") plasma. During recombination, free electrons became bound to protons (hydrogen nuclei) to form neutral hydrogen atoms. Because direct recombinations to the ground state (lowest energy) of hydrogen are very inefficient, these hydrogen atoms generally for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
