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Duho Languages
Duho is a proposed language family of South America, uniting two proposed genetic groupings, Hodi–SalibanRosés Labrada, J. E. 2015. Is Jodï a Sáliban Language? In: Workshop on historical relationships among languages of the Americas. Leiden, 2-5th September 2015, Universiteit Leiden. and Ticuna–Yuri. This language stock was proposed by Marcelo Jolkesky (2016), based on his previous but now disclaimed Macro-Daha stock which had also included the Andoque–Urequena languages.Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2009. Macro-Daha: reconstrução de um tronco lingüÃstico do noroeste amazônico'. ROSAE - I Congresso Internacional de LingüÃstica Histórica, 26-29 July 2009. Zamponi (2017) concludes that the similarities between Saliban and Hodɨ appear to be due to contact, but that a distant genealogical relationship between Betoi and Sáliban is plausible though not demonstrated. He does not address Ticuna–Yuri. Prehistory Jolkesky (2016) suggests that the homeland of Proto-Duho was in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amazon Basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon rainforest, also known as Amazonia. With a area of dense tropical forest, this is the largest rainforest in the world.  Geography The Amazon River begins in the Andes Mountains at the west of the basin with its main tributary the Marañón River and Apurimac River in Peru. The highest point in the watershed of the Amazon is the second biggest peak of Yerupajá at . With a length of about before it drains into the Atlantic Ocean, it is one of the two longest rivers in the world. A team of scientists has claimed that the Amazon is longer than the Nile, but debate about its exact length continues. The Amazon system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuri Language (Amazon)
Yurà (JurÃ) is, or was, a language previously spoken near a stretch of the Caquetá River in the Brazilian Amazon, extending slightly into Colombia. It was spoken on the Puré River of Colombia, and the Içá River and Japurá River of Brazil. A small amount of data was collected on two occasions in the 19th century, in 1853 and 1867. Kaufman (1994:62, after Nimuendajú 1977:62) notes that there is good lexical evidence to support a link with Ticuna in a Ticuna–Yurà language family, though the data has never been explicitly compared (Hammarström 2010). It is commonly assumed that the Yuri people and language survive among the uncontacted people or peoples of the Rio Puré region, now the RÃo Puré National Park. Indeed, "Yuri" is often used as a synonym for the only named people in the area, the Carabayo The Carabayo (who perhaps call themselves Yacumo) are an uncontacted people of Colombia living in at least three long houses, known as ''malokas'', along the Rio Purà ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sape Language
Sape, SAPE, Sapë, or Sapé may refer to: People * Janet Sape (died 2017), businesswoman from Papua New Guinea * Lauvale Sape, (born 1980), American football player Places * Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë, Albania * Sapé, ParaÃba, a municipality in Brazil * Sape, a municipality in Albania officially known as Vau i Dejës * Sape Strait, Indonesia Education and organizations * La Sape (''Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes Élégantes''), a social movement centered in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo * , an ecological organization * Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, an international scientific society dedicated to the study of the evolution of birds; see ''Sapeornis'' Other uses * French destroyer ''Sape'' * Sapé language, a nearly extinct language spoken in Venezuela * Sape, a synonym for the Sarangesa genus of butterfly * Sape' or sapeh, a traditional lute in Borneo * SAPE, the stock symbol for Sapient Corporation Publicis Sapient is an American digi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hodi Language
The history of the Jews in India dates back to antiquity.''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities'' by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. .Weil, Shalva. ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle''. Mumbai: Marg Publications irst published in 2002; 3rd edn. 2009. was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in |
Piaroa Language
The Piaroa people, known among themselves as the ''Huottüja'' or ''De'aruhua'', are a pre-Columbian South American indigenous ethnic group of the middle Orinoco Basin in present-day Colombia and Venezuela, living in an area larger than Belgium, roughly circumscribed by the Suapure, Parguaza (north), the Ventuari (south-east), the Manapiare (north-east) and the right bank of the Orinoco (west). Their present-day population is about 15,00(INE 2002) with an estimated 2,500 living on the left bank of the Orinoco River, in Colombia, in several reservations between the Vichada (north) and the Guaviare (south).Freire & Zent. 2007. "Los Piaroa", iSalud IndÃgena en Venezuela/ref> Since the Piaroa (Huottüja or De'aruhua) were discovered by missionaries and explorers around 1780 they have been an autonomous peaceful (pacifist) anarchy with many individual small self-governed villages scattered over a very wide area. Ethnologists and linguists from the 18th century misidentified th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wirö Language
Wirö (also called Itoto, Wotuja, Jojod, or various forms of Maku) is an indigenous language of Colombia and Venezuela. Until it was documented in 2015, it was attested only by a list of 38 words collected ca. 1900, though even that was enough to show it was closely related to Piaroa. Speakers of the two understand each other, though not reliably, and consider them to be distinct languages. Loukotka (1968) reports it as being spoken on the Ventuari River The Ventuari River is the largest tributary of the Orinoco in southern Venezuela. The Ventuari flows from south-central Venezuela in the Guiana Highlands southwest into the Orinoco River. It is long and its major tributary is the Manapiare River ... and Cunucunuma River. ''Maco'' is not a proper name but a label applied by Arawakan speakers for unintelligible languages. In the case of Wirö, the following forms are found in the literature: ''Maco, Mako, Maku, Makú, Sáliba-Maco,'' and ''Maco-Piaroa'', the latter also for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piaroa–Saliban Languages
The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish : ''Sálivan''), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern ''llanos'') dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation. Betoi may be related. Languages Piaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family. The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, Máku, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact. Lozano (2014:212) has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages. External relations Zamponi (2017) notes resemblances between the extinct Betoi language and Piaroa–Sal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saliba Language
Saliba ( es, Sáliba, ) is an indigenous language of Eastern Colombia and Venezuela. Saliba was used by Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century to communicate with indigenous peoples of the Meta, Orinoco, and Vichada valleys. An 1856 watercolor by Manuel MarÃa Paz is an early depiction of the Saliva people in Casanare Province. Use "Saliba was spoken by an ethnic group that lived along the central reaches of the Orinoco River." "This language group was so isolated that the language was reported extinct in 1965." It is not being passed on to many children, but that practice is being reconsidered. As of 2007, "Sáliva speakers now are almost all bilingual in Spanish, and Sáliva children are only learning Spanish instead of their ancestral language." As of 2007, "In the Orocué area the language is only conserved to a high degree among elderly women; others understand Sáliba but no longer express themselves in the language." Native speakers have a literacy rate of 1-5% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betoi Language
Betoi (''Betoy'') or Betoi-Jirara is an extinct language of Colombia and Venezuela, south of the Apure River near the modern border with Colombia. The names Betoi and Jirara are those of two of its peoples/dialects; the language proper has no known name. At contact, Betoi was a local lingua franca spoken between the Uribante and Sarare rivers and along the Arauca. Enough was recorded for a brief grammatical monograph to be written (Zamponi 2003). Classification Betoi is generally seen as an isolate, though Kaufman (2007) included it in Macro-Paesan. Zamponi (2017) finds enough lexical resemblances between Betoi and the Saliban languages to conclude that a genealogical relationship is plausible.Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hod i: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321. Varieties Below is a full list of Betoi varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hodï Language
The Hodï (Jodï, JotÃ, Hoti) language, also known as Yuwana (Yoana), Waruwaru, or Chikano (Chicano), is a small unclassified language spoken by the Hodï people of Venezuela. Very little is known of it; its several hundred speakers are monolingual hunter-gatherers. The people call themselves ''Jojodö'' ('the people') or ''Wįlǫ̈'', and their language ''Jojodö tjįwÄ™nÄ™''. Sources are inconsistent with nasals, varying between e.g. ''nV'' and ''lá¹¼''. Classification No classification of Hodï has yet been established to the satisfaction of linguists. Attempts have been made to link Hodï with the nearby Piaroa–Saliban languages. A recent proposal classifies Hodï and (Piaroa–)Saliban as the branches of a single Jodï–Saliban macrofamily. However, similarities in vocabulary with the Piaroa–Saliban languages may in fact be due to sprachbunding: Henley, Mattéi-Müller and Reid (1996) argue that the apparent cognates between Hodï and Piaroa–Saliban are rather loan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ticuna Language
Ticuna, or Tikuna, is a language spoken by approximately 50,000 people in the Amazon Basin, including the countries of Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. It is the native language of the Ticuna people and is considered "stable" by ethnologue. Ticuna is generally classified as a language isolate, but may be related to the extinct Yuri language (see Tïcuna-Yuri) and there has been some research indicating similarities between Ticuna and Carabayo. It is a tonal language, and therefore the meaning of words with the same phonemes can vary greatly simply by changing the tone used to pronounce them. Tïcuna is also known as Magta, Maguta, Tucuna/Tukuna, and Tukna. Sociolinguistic situation Brazil Ticuna is the Indigenous language most widely spoken in Brazil. Despite being home to more than 50% of the Ticunas, Brazil has only recently started to invest in native language education. Brazilian Ticunas now have a written literature and an education provided by the Brazilian National Fou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. According to '' Ethnologue'' there are 7,151 living human languages distributed in 142 different language families. A living language is defined as one that is the first language of at least one person. The language families with the most speakers are: the Indo-European family, with many widely spoken languages native to Europe (such as English and Spanish) and South Asia (such as Hindi and Bengali); and the Sino-Tibetan famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
