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Duck Atadenovirus A
''Duck atadenovirus A'' (formerly ''Duck adenovirus A'') is a species of hemagglutinating adenovirus implicated in egg drop syndrome. Alternative names The virus is or has been known by the following names: * 127 virus * Group III avian adeno virus * Egg drop syndrome virus * Avian adenovirus EDS * Eggdrop syndrome-1976 virus * Adenovirus 127 * Duck adenovirus A * Duck atadenovirus A Strains Strain 127 is the strain of the virus that was isolated and studied after the outbreak of egg drop syndrome 1976, and where the identification of the exact virus was first made. The virus was first called ''Adenovirus 127'' after this strain, before being named ''Duck adenovirus A''. This strain was the first strain of the virus to get a full genome sequence in the GenBank database. The virus was renamed ''Duck atadenovirus A'' in 2013. Genome The virus genome uses the standard genetic code. Various complete genome sequences exist, including: # Full genome of isolate Isolate may ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions in a haemagglutination assay. Blood typing Blood type can be determined by using antibodies that bind to the A or B blood group antigens in a sample of blood. For example, if antibodies that bind the A blood group are added and agglutination occurs, the blood is either type A or type AB. To determine between type A or type AB, antibodies that bind the B group are added and if agglutination does not occur, the blood is type A. If agglutination does not occur with either antibodies that bind to type A or type B antigens, then neither antigen is present on the blood cells, which means the blood is type O. In blood grouping, the patient's serum is tested against RBCs of known blood groups and also the patient's RBCs are tested against known serum types. In this way the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses (members of the family ''Adenoviridae'') are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953. They have a broad range of vertebrate hosts; in humans, more than 50 distinct adenoviral serotypes have been found to cause a wide range of illnesses, from mild respiratory infections in young children (known as the common cold) to life-threatening multi-organ disease in people with a weakened immune system. Virology Classification This family contains the following genera: * '' Atadenovirus'' * '' Aviadenovirus'' * '' Ichtadenovirus'' * '' Mastadenovirus'' (including all human adenoviruses) * '' Siadenovirus'' * '' Testadenovirus'' Diversity In humans, currently there are 88 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in seven species (Human adenovirus A to G): * A: 12, 18, 31 * B: 3, 7, 11, 14, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egg Drop Syndrome
Egg drop syndrome '76 (EDS '76) is a viral disease that affects birds, notably chickens, ducks, geese and swans. It is characterised by a sudden drop in production of eggs as well as its eggshell quality in apparent healthy laying birds. Previously, this disease was commonly named as merely "egg drop syndrome"; however, it is now recommended that full name, egg drop syndrome '76 (EDS '76), should be used to distinguish the name discrepancy from the recently identified disease in ducks caused by a flavivirus, which is confusingly called "egg drop syndrome in ducks" or "duck egg drop syndrome". Incidence EDS '76 was first identified in Netherlands in 1974 and the virus was first isolated in Northern Ireland in 1976. It became a problem in European countries such as Ireland, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom. Other places which have had outbreaks include India, Bangladesh, South America, Indonesia, Japan, and Africa. Since then, EDS '76 has been recognised as a global ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strain (biology)
In biology, a strain is a genetic variant, a subtype or a culture within a biological species. Strains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, characterized by a specific intent for genetic isolation. This is most easily observed in microbiology where strains are derived from a single cell colony and are typically quarantined by the physical constraints of a Petri dish. Strains are also commonly referred to within virology, botany, and with rodents used in experimental studies. Microbiology and virology It has been said that "there is no universally accepted definition for the terms 'strain', ' variant', and 'isolate' in the virology community, and most virologists simply copy the usage of terms from others". A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism (e.g., a virus, bacterium or fungus). For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus. These flu strains are characterized by their differing isoforms of su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egg Drop Syndrome 1976
Egg drop syndrome '76 (EDS '76) is a viral disease that affects birds, notably chickens, ducks, geese and swans. It is characterised by a sudden drop in production of eggs as well as its eggshell quality in apparent healthy laying birds. Previously, this disease was commonly named as merely "egg drop syndrome"; however, it is now recommended that full name, egg drop syndrome '76 (EDS '76), should be used to distinguish the name discrepancy from the recently identified disease in ducks caused by a flavivirus, which is confusingly called "egg drop syndrome in ducks" or "duck egg drop syndrome". Incidence EDS '76 was first identified in Netherlands in 1974 and the virus was first isolated in Northern Ireland in 1976. It became a problem in European countries such as Ireland, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom. Other places which have had outbreaks include India, Bangladesh, South America, Indonesia, Japan, and Africa. Since then, EDS '76 has been recognised as a global ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). GenBank and its collaborators receive sequences produced in laboratories throughout the world from more than 500,000 formally described species. The database started in 1982 by Walter Goad and Los Alamos National Laboratory. GenBank has become an important database for research in biological fields and has grown in recent years at an exponential rate by doubling roughly every 18 months. Release 250.0, published in June 2022, contained over 17 trillion nucleotide bases in more than 2,45 billion sequences. GenBank is built by direct submissions from individual laboratories, as well as from bulk submis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standard Genetic Code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries. The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein biosynthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the RNA codon table). That scheme is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply ''the'' genetic code, though variant codes (such as in mitochondria) exist. History Effort ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Isolate
Introduction Geographic isolation or other factors that prevent reproduction have resulted in a population of organisms with a change in genetic diversity and ultimately leads to the genetic isolation of species. Genetic isolates form new species through an evolutionary process known as speciation. Today, all the species diversity present on earth is the product of genetic isolate and evolution. The current distribution of genetic differences and isolation within and among populations is also influenced by genetic processes, which can give significant input into evolution's basic principles. The resulting genetic diversity within a species' distribution range is frequently unequally distributed, and large disparities can occur at the series of ranges when population dispersion and isolation are critical for species survival. The interrelationship of genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection determines the level and dispersion of genetic differences between populations and am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
