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Duchy Of Estonia (1561–1721)
The Duchy of Estonia ( sv, Hertigdömet Estland, et, Eestimaa hertsogkond, german: Herzogtum Estland), also known as Swedish Estonia, ( sv, Svenska Estland, italic=no) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721 during the time that most or all of Estonia was under Swedish rule. The land was eventually ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation, during the plague, in the Great Northern War. The dominion arose during the Livonian War, when the northern parts of present-day Estonia — Reval (Tallinn) and the counties of , , and — submitted to the Swedish king in 1561, and in 1581. It is also colloquially known as the "good old Swedish times" ( et, vana hea Rootsi aeg) by Estonians, but this expression was not used before the following Russian rule, in the beginning of which the situation of Estonian peasantry declined rapidly; to gain the support of the German Baltic nobility, Russia gave them more power over the peasantry. Head ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dominions Of Sweden
The Dominions of Sweden or ''Svenska besittningar'' ("Swedish possessions") were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish The Crown, Crown, but never became fully integrated with Sweden. This generally meant that they were ruled by Governor-General in the Swedish Realm, Governors-General under the Swedish monarch, but within certain limits retained their own established political systems, essentially their Diet (assembly), diets. Swedish Finland, Finland was not a dominion, but an Lands of Sweden, integrated part of Sweden. The dominions had no representation in the Sweden, Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, Riksdag as stipulated by the Instrument of Government (1634), 1634 Instrument of Government paragraph 46: ''"No one, who is not living inside the separate and old borders of Sweden and Finland, have anything to say at Riksdags and other meetings..."'' Baltic Dominions Between 1561 and 1629 Sweden made conquests in the Eastern Baltic. All of them were lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony– Poland–Lithuania. Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden, under Charles XII, and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava. George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715. Charles XII led the Swedish army. Swedish allies included Holstein-Gottorp, several Polish magnates under Stanislaus I Leszczyński (1704–1710) and Cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–17 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Svante Stensson Sture
Svante Stensson Sture or Svante Sture the Younger (born 1 May 1517 in Stockholm, d. 24 May 1567 in the Sture Murders at Uppsala Castle) was a Swedish count, riksmarsk and statesman. From 1562 to 1564, during the Livonian War, he was governor of Estonia. Family Svante Sture was the son of Sten Svantesson Sture (d. y.) and Kristina (Christina) Nilsdotter Gyllenstierna. He was married to Märta ("King Martha") Erikdotter Leijonhufvud on 3 March 1538 at Nyköping Castle, with whom he had the following children: * Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture (1538–1613) *Magdalena (Malin) Svantesdotter Sture (1539–1610) *Anna Svantesdotter Sture (1541–1595) *Sten Svantesson Sture (1542–1542) *Nils Svantesson Sture Nils Svantesson Sture (b. 20 July 1543 at Hörningsholm Castle, d. 24 May 1567 in the Sture Murders at Uppsala Castle) was a Swedish diplomat and soldier during the reign of Erik XIV of Sweden. He was the son of Svante Stensson Sture and Märta ... (1543– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horn Of Kankas
200px, The Horn family coat of arms features a black drinking horn on yellow background Horn () is a Swedish noble family from Finland, known since the 14th century. Its first known member, Olof Mattsson, is documented between 1381 and 1415, having a seat in Halikko parish. His seal featured the figure of a drinking horn. Like other Swedish noble families of medieval origin, the family name was not used as a surname before the 16th century. Several descendants of Olof Mattsson have been ennobled under extended versions of the family name. Today, only one of these branches still exists, as recognized by the Swedish House of Nobility. After the Finnish war, the Horn family remained in Sweden, and was not introduced in the new Finnish House of Nobility. Branches Horn af Åminne After Klas Horn, raised to baron (sw. ''friherre'') under the name ''Horn af Åminne'' in 1561. In 1772 brothers Fredric and Gustaf Adolf Horn af Åminne were raised to counts under the same name. The na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henrik Klasson Horn
Henrikki Laavunpoika of Kankainen, or Henrik Klasson Horn (c. 1512–1595), was a Swedish military officer and Governor-General of Finland. He was an ancestor of the noble Swedish family, Horn af Kanckas. Biography He was the son of Klas Henriksson Horn (c. 1445 – c. 1520) and his second wife Kristina Jakobsdotter (c. 1495 – c. 1553). His father was a member of the Privy Council of Sweden. His elder half-brother, Krister Laavunpoika of Joensuu (c. 1480 – c. 1519) was bailiff of Turku castle. His parents presumably married in 1511 when his father was commander of the Vyborg Castle (Finnish: ''Viipurin linna''). Lady Kristina of Salmenkylä was heiress of Töytärinhovi Manor and its estate, as well as of an estate in Reitkalli, an estate in Salmenkylä, an estate in Sivatti, an estate in Pyöli, and a house and harbor estate in Hietakylä (today Hamina), near the medieval church of Vehkalahti, and additionally heiress of a portion of the Vanhakartano Manor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klas Horn
Baron Klas Kristersson Horn (1517 – September 9, 1566) was a Finnish born, Swedish nobleman and Naval Admiral who fought for Sweden in the Northern Seven Years' War of 1563–1570. Biography Horn was born at Åminne Manor in Halikko, Finland. He was the son of Krister Klasson Horn and Ingeborg Siggesdtr Sparre. He received his early education in the court of Philip I, Duke of Pomerania. In 1550, King Gustav I of Sweden made him the head of the district of southern Finland at Raseborg. He participated in the expeditions of Jakob Bagge during the fall of 1555. In 1556, he was sent to Viborg Castle and the following year was made commander. In 1559, he won a number of battles against Danish naval forces under Herluf Trolle and the Free City of Lübeck. Horn was sent to Reval (now Tallinn) by King Eric XIV of Sweden in March 1561. By June, Toompea Castle was conquered by his troops and Reval became a dominion of Sweden. Klas Horn was raised to nobility (''Horn af Åm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nynäs
Nynas AB is a Swedish manufacturer of specialty naphthenic oils and bitumen products. Founded in 1928 as a national oil company with a traditional range of products, the company today also supplies specialist products and niche markets. As well as sales offices at several locations around the world, Nynas also has access to an international distribution network. This includes not only central storage facilities and mixing stations (hubs), but also a large number of local depots. In 2020 Nynas had around 935 employees and sales were SEK 12.1 billion. Business activities Until the 1970s Nynas was a traditional oil company, manufacturing and selling a large number of products, from petrol and diesel to heating oil and lubricants. Following the oil crises (1973 and 1979), activity now focuses on naphthenic specialty products and bitumen products. Naphthenic specialty oils consist of three different kinds of products: * Insulating oils are used primarily to insulate and cool tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friherre
(; male, abbreviated as ), (; his wife, abbreviated as , literally "free lord" or "free lady") and (, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as titles of nobility in the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire and in its various successor states, including Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, etc. Traditionally, it denotes the titled rank within the nobility above ' (knight) and ' (nobility without a specific title) and below ' ( count, earl). The title superseded the earlier medieval form, '. It corresponds approximately to the English ''baron'' in rank. The Duden orthography of the German language references the French nobility title of ''Baron'', deriving from the latin-germanic combination ''liber baro'' (which also means "free lord"), as corresponding to the German "Freiherr"; and that ''Baron'' is a corresponding salutation for a ''Freiherr''.Duden; Definition of ''Baron, der'' (in German)/ref> ' in the feudal system The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baltic Nobility
Baltic German nobility was a privileged social class in the territories of today's Estonia and Latvia. It existed continuously since the Northern Crusades and the medieval foundation of Terra Mariana. Most of the nobility were Baltic Germans, but with the changing political landscape over the centuries, Polish, Swedish and Russian families also became part of the nobility, just as Baltic German families re-settled in locations such as the Swedish and Russian Empires. The nobility of Lithuania is for historical, social and ethnic reasons separated from the German-dominated nobility of Estonia and Latvia. History This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to Swedish kings in the 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when Couronian, Estonian, Livonian and the Oeselian lands belonged to them. Subsequently Russian Tsars used Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government. Latvia in particular was noted for its followers of Bolshevism and the latter were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lääne County
Lääne County ( et, Lääne maakond or ''Läänemaa'', literally "Western land"; german: Wiek; la, Rotalia) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in western Estonia and borders the Baltic Sea to the north, Harju County to the north-east, Rapla County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, and the island counties of Saare and Hiiu to the west. In January 2009 Lääne County had a population of 23,810 – constituting 2.0% of the total population in Estonia. County government The County Government ( et, Maavalitsus) is led by a governor ( et, maavanem), who is appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Since 15 December 2011, the governorship has been held by Innar Mäesalu. Maavanem 1918–1941 *Aleksander Saar 1917–1927 *Artur Kasterpalu 1930–1941 Maavanem 1993–present * Andres Lipstok 14 December 1993 – 12 August 1994 * Hannes Danilov 1 November 1994 – 3 January 1999 * Arder Väli 23 February 1999 – 20 July 1999 * Jaanus Sahk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Järva County
Järva County ( et, Järva maakond or ''Järvamaa''; german: Jerwen; la, Jervia) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in the central part of the country and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south-east, Viljandi County to the south, Pärnu County to the south-west, Rapla County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2009, Järva County had a population of 29,940 – constituting 2.7% of the total population in Estonia. History In the first centuries AD political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the parish (kihelkond) and the county (maakond). The parish consisted of several villages. Nearly all parishes had at least one fortress. The defense of the local area was directed by the highest official, the parish elder. The county was composed of several parishes, also headed by an elder. By the 13th century the following major districts had developed in Estonia: Saaremaa (Osili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rapla County
Rapla County ( et, Rapla maakond or ''Raplamaa'') is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in the western part of the country and borders Järva County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, Lääne County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2021 Rapla County had a population of 33,116 – constituting 2.5% of the total population of Estonia. History The first written records of Rapla date back to the 1241 Danish census (''Liber Census Daniae''). County government The County Government (Estonian: ''Maavalitsus'') is led by a governor (Estonian: ''maavanem''), who is appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Since 2009, the Governor position is held by Tiit Leier. Municipalities The county is subdivided into municipalities. There are 4 rural municipalities (Estonian: ''vallad'' – parishes) in Rapla County: Geography Natural resources found in Rapla county include limestone, dolomite, peat, and clay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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