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Drosophila Phalerata
''Drosophila phalerata'' is a species of mushroom-feeding fruit fly in the Drosophila quinaria species group. The genome of ''D. phalerata'' was sequenced in 2019 as part of a study on the evolution of immune systems, but was not assembled de novo. Unlike its sister species '' D. innubila'', the anterior and posterior costal wing veins of ''D. phalerata'' show prominent melanin deposition (see gallery below). Drosophila quinaria species group flies including the related '' D. guttifera'' display marked variation in their wing patterning, and melanin synthesis and deposition has been used as an obvious and malleable trait to study the regulation of gene expression. Gallery File: Dphalerata male.tif , ''D. phalerata'' male File: Dphalerata female.tif , ''D. phalerata'' female File: Dphalerata dorsal setae female.tif , Image of dorsal setae of a ''D. phalerata'' female File: Dphalerata wing female.tif , Image of melanin deposition along the anterior and posterior costal wing ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom-feeding Drosophila
Mushroom-feeding ''Drosophila'' (mycophagous ''Drosophila'') are a subset of ''Drosophila'' flies that have highly specific mushroom-breeding ecologies. Often these flies can tolerate toxic compounds from ''Amanita'' mushrooms. Species groups * ''Drosophila testacea'' species group * ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group * '' Drosophila bizonata'' species group * Some members of the ''Drosophila obscura'' species group Sequenced genomes or transcriptomes * ''Drosophila guttifera'' * ''Drosophila neotestacea'' * ''Drosophila innubila'' * ''Drosophila falleni'' * '' Drosophila phalerata'' Gallery File: Dneo f3.tif , '' D. neotestacea'' ( Testacea species group) File: Dtestacea male 2-4.tif , '' D. testacea'' ( Testacea species group) File: Dinnubila4.tif , '' D. innubila'' ( Quinaria species group) File:Dguttifera.tif, ''Drosophila guttifera'' ( Quinaria species group) Dphalerata male.tif, '' Drosophila phalerata'' ( Quinaria species group) File:Drosophila falleni infec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Quinaria Species Group
The ''Drosophila quinaria'' species group is a speciose lineage of mushroom-feeding flies studied for their specialist ecology, their parasites, population genetics, and the evolution of immune systems. Quinaria species are part of the Drosophila subgenus. Mushroom-feeding ecology Quinaria group species are commonly found on wild mushrooms, and can metabolize toxic compounds in ''Amanita'' mushrooms, such as ibotenic acid and alpha-amanitin. Mushroom sites also host a number of natural enemies. For instance, as a consequence of their mushroom-feeding ecology, Quinaria species are frequently infected by nematodes of the genus '' Howardula''. Some Quinaria species are more or less susceptible to nematode parasitization, though the immunological reasons remain unclear. One possibility to explain this variance is differences in defensive bacterial symbionts. However another could be natural resource use, as most eukaryotes are unable to withstand the toxins in ''Amanita'' mushroo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sequence Assembly
In bioinformatics, sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging fragments from a longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. This is needed as DNA sequencing technology might not be able to 'read' whole genomes in one go, but rather reads small pieces of between 20 and 30,000 bases, depending on the technology used. Typically, the short fragments (reads) result from shotgun sequencing genomic DNA, or gene transcript ( ESTs). The problem of sequence assembly can be compared to taking many copies of a book, passing each of them through a shredder with a different cutter, and piecing the text of the book back together just by looking at the shredded pieces. Besides the obvious difficulty of this task, there are some extra practical issues: the original may have many repeated paragraphs, and some shreds may be modified during shredding to have typos. Excerpts from another book may also be added in, and some shreds may be completely unrecognizable. Genom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Innubila
''Drosophila innubila'' is a species of vinegar fly restricted to high-elevation woodlands in the mountains of the southern USA and Mexico, which it likely colonized during the last glacial period. ''Drosophila innubila'' is a kind of mushroom-breeding Drosophila, and member of the Drosophila quinaria species group. ''Drosophila innubila'' is best known for its association with a strain of male-killing ''Wolbachia'' bacteria. These bacteria are parasitic, as they drain resources from the host and cause half the infected female's eggs to abort. However ''Wolbachia'' may offer benefits to the fly's fitness in certain circumstances. The ''D. innubila'' genome was sequenced in 2019. Symbiosis ''Drosophila innubila'' is stably infected by a strain of male-killing ''Wolbachia'' bacteria. The association between ''Drosophila innubila'' and ''Wolbachia'' can vary greatly within local populations. However, their relationship is very consistent across the overall ''Drosophila innubila'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Guttifera
''Drosophila guttifera'' is a species of vinegar fly in the Drosophila quinaria species group. Like many quinaria group species, ''D. guttifera'' feeds on rotting mushrooms. In 2015, the genome of ''Drosophila guttifera'' was sequenced by the laboratory of Sean B. Carroll providing an answer on how different wing patterns emerge in this species, relying on genetic switches called enhancers that drive the polka-dot pattern on the wings of ''D. guttifera''. These enhancers are cis-regulatory elements ''Cis''-regulatory elements (CREs) or ''Cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogen ..., which can promote new wing patterns by modifying gene expression, rather than the actual protein being expressed. Further reading * Description of background on ''D. guttifera'' use in genetic studies in the Drosophila quinaria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Setae
In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They help, for example, earthworms to attach to the surface and prevent backsliding during peristaltic motion. These hairs make it difficult to pull a worm straight from the ground. Setae in oligochaetes (a group including earthworms) are largely composed of chitin. They are classified according to the limb to which they are attached; for instance, notosetae are attached to notopodia; neurosetae to neuropodia. Crustaceans have mechano- and chemosensory setae. Setae are especially present on the mouthparts of crustaceans and can also be found on grooming limbs. In some cases, setae are modified into scale like structures. Setae on the legs of krill and other small crustaceans help them to gather phytoplankton. It captures them and allows ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila
''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly. One species of ''Drosophila'' in particular, ''D. melanogaster'', has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. The terms "fruit fly" and "''Drosophila''" are often used synonymously with ''D. melanogaster'' in modern biological literature. The entire genus, however, contains more than 1,500 species and is very diverse in appearance, be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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