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Drawing (manufacturing)
Drawing is a manufacturing process that uses tensile forces to elongate metal, glass, or plastic. As the material is drawn (pulled), it stretches and becomes thinner, achieving a desired shape and thickness. Drawing is classified into two types: sheet metal drawing and wire, bar, and tube drawing. Sheet metal drawing is defined as a plastic deformation over a curved axis. For wire, bar, and tube drawing, the starting stock is drawn through a die to reduce its diameter and increase its length. Drawing is usually performed at room temperature, thus classified as a cold working process; however, drawing may also be performed at higher temperatures to hot work large wires, rods, or hollow tubes in order to reduce forces.Degarmo, p. 432.Kalpakjian, pp. 415–419. Drawing differs from rolling in that pressure is not applied by the turning action of a mill but instead depends on force applied locally near the area of compression. This means the maximal drawing force is limited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bar Drawing
Drawing is a manufacturing process that uses tension (physics), tensile forces to elongate metal, glass, or plastic. As the material is drawn (pulled), it stretches and becomes thinner, achieving a desired shape and thickness. Drawing is classified into two types: sheet metal drawing and wire, bar stock, bar, and tube (fluid conveyance), tube drawing. Sheet metal drawing is defined as a plastic deformation over a curved axis. For wire, bar, and tube drawing, the starting stock is drawn through a die (manufacturing), die to reduce its diameter and increase its length. Drawing is usually performed at room temperature, thus classified as a cold working process; however, drawing may also be performed at higher temperatures to hot working, hot work large wires, rods, or hollow tubes in order to reduce forces.Degarmo, p. 432.Kalpakjian, pp. 415–419. Drawing differs from rolling (metalworking), rolling in that pressure is not applied by the turning action of a mill but instead depend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hot Rolling
In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property. The concept is similar to the rolling of dough. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is known as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is known as cold rolling. In terms of usage, hot rolling processes more tonnage than any other manufacturing process, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of all cold working processes... Roll stands holding pairs of rolls are grouped together into rolling mills that can quickly process metal, typically steel, into products such as structural steel (I-beams, angle stock, channel stock), bar stock, and rails. Most steel mills ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tube Drawing
Tube or tubes may refer to: * ''Tube'' (2003 film), a 2003 Korean film * "Tubes" (Peter Dale), performer on the Soccer AM television show * Tube (band), a Japanese rock band * Tube & Berger, the alias of dance/electronica producers Arndt Rörig and Marco Vidovic from Germany Other media * Tube, a freeware game for MS-DOS computers from Bullfrog Productions * ''TUBE.'', an online magazine about visual and performing arts, founded in 2012 in Sacramento, California * Series of tubes, an analogy for the Internet used by United States Senator Ted Stevens * Picture tube, term in Paint Shop Pro software for a small digital image with no background Science, technology, and mathematics Construction and mechanics * Tube (fluid conveyance), a long hollow cylinder used for moving fluids * Tube (structure), building designed to act like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground * Inner tube, a component of vehicular tires * Pneumatic tube, a method of transportatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annealing (metallurgy)
In metallurgy and materials science, annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate amount of time and then cooling. In annealing, atoms migrate in the crystal lattice and the number of dislocations decreases, leading to a change in ductility and hardness. As the material cools it recrystallizes. For many alloys, including carbon steel, the crystal grain size and phase composition, which ultimately determine the material properties, are dependent on the heating rate and cooling rate. Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram, heat treatment can be used t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ductility
Ductility refers to the ability of a material to sustain significant plastic Deformation (engineering), deformation before fracture. Plastic deformation is the permanent distortion of a material under applied stress, as opposed to elastic deformation, which is reversible upon removing the stress. Ductility is a critical mechanical performance indicator, particularly in applications that require materials to bend, stretch, or deform in other ways without breaking. The extent of ductility can be quantitatively assessed using the percent elongation at break, given by the equation: \% \mathrm= \left ( \frac \right )\times100 where l_ is the length of the material after fracture and l_0 is the original length before testing. This formula helps in quantifying how much a material can stretch under tensile stress before failure, providing key insights into its ductile behavior. Ductility is an important consideration in engineering and manufacturing. It defines a material's suitabil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Work Hardening
Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the application. This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal structure of the material. Many non-brittle metals with a reasonably high melting point as well as several polymers can be strengthened in this fashion. Alloys not amenable to heat treatment, including low-carbon steel, are often work-hardened. Some materials cannot be work-hardened at low temperatures, such as indium, however others can be strengthened only via work hardening, such as pure copper and aluminum. Undesirable work hardening An example of undesirable work hardening is during machining when early passes of a cutter inadver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cold Forming
In metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature at or near room temperature. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc. The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold work", cutting or grinding a formed object. Cold forming techniques are usually classified into four major groups: squeezing, bending, drawing, and shearing. They generally have the advantage of being simpler to carry out than hot working techniques. Unlike hot working, cold working causes the crystal grains and inclusions to distort following the flow of the metal; which may cause work hardening and anisotropic material properties. Work hardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and stronger, but less plastic, and may cause cracks of the piece. The possible u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Draw Bench
A draw bench is a machine used to do cold work on a metal, such as changing the shape of the metal without applying heat and applying only pressure. Machine construction It consists of a chain drive, driven by a motor and a set of gears. The other end of the machine consists of a die mounted on a thick steel plate. The workpiece is inserted through the die and clamped on a trolley which then is hooked onto the chain for pulling across. Die The die is usually made of tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: ) is a carbide containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through sintering for use in in ... with a steel housing. The die can be made to any desired shape (round, square, rectangular, triangular, half round, L-shaped, oval etc.). Metal forming {{tool-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tube Beading
Tube beading is a metal forming process that forms a bead on the end of a tube. Tube beads can be used to help hold a hose on the end of a tube or to strengthen the end of the tube.Gregory Miller, "Tube Forming Processes: A Comprehensive Guide," 2002 There are two forming processes: ''internal roll forming'' and ''ram forming''. Internal roll forming Internal roll forming is generally slower than ram forming but it holds tight tolerances. Serrated clamp jaws are used to hold the tube while radial pressure is applied by an internal roller to form the bead. Ram forming Ram forming is quicker and usually preferred when speed of production is a concern. The automotive industry The automotive industry comprises a wide range of company, companies and organizations involved in the design, Business development, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, Maintenance, repairing, and Custom car, modification of motor ve ... usually uses this process over internal roll-forming. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Necking (engineering)
In engineering and materials science, necking is a mode of tensile Deformation (engineering), deformation where relatively large amounts of Deformation (mechanics), strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material. The resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the name "neck". Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with Yield (engineering), yielding, a form of Plasticity (physics), plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers. Once necking has begun, the neck becomes the exclusive location of yielding in the material, as the reduced area gives the neck the largest local Stress (mechanics), stress. Formation Necking results from an instability during tensile deformation when the cross-sectional area of the sample decreases by a greater proportion than the material Strain hardening, strain hardens. :fr:Armand Consid%C3%A8re, Armand Considè ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ironing (metalworking)
Ironing is a sheet metal forming process that uniformly thins the workpiece in a specific area. This is not to be mistaken with fabric Ironing. This process involves using force to evenly flatten a piece of sheet metal into a uniform shape. This could also be the root of the process name, as it uses pressure to flatten the material much like fabric Ironing. Process For the process, the piece of metal is placed against a tool that presses it forward, called a "Punch". the punch pushes the metal through a Die (manufacturing), Die, or more commonly 2 Dies, which are designed to push against the metal until it reaches a desired flatness. This also results in the piece being made longer, as the process spreads the metal out more rather than removing any of it. Ironing is commonly used alongside the process of Deep drawing, as the process of deep drawing is very similar in how it uses pressure, and deep drawing can often lead to irregularities in uniformity. Described briefly, deep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piercing (metalworking)
Blanking and piercing are shearing processes in which a punch and die are used to produce parts from coil or sheet stock. Blanking produces the outside features of the component, while piercing produces internal holes or shapes. The web is created after multiple components have been produced and is considered scrap material. The "slugs" produced by piercing internal features are also considered scrap. The terms "piercing" and "punching" can be used interchangeably. Die roll and burr formation Burrs and die roll are typical features of stamped components. Die roll is created when the material being stamped is compressed before the material begins to shear. Die roll takes the form of a radius around the outside edge of the blank and the pierced holes. After compression, the part shears for about 10% of the part thickness, and then fractures free of the strip or sheet. This fracturing produces a raised, jagged edge which is called a "burr". Burrs are typically removed by tumbling ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
