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Dissimilatory Metal-reducing Bacteria
Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms are a group of microorganisms (both bacteria and archaea) that can perform anaerobic respiration utilizing a metal as terminal electron acceptor rather than Allotropes of oxygen, molecular oxygen (O2), which is the terminal electron acceptor reduced to water (H2O) in Anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration. The most common metals used for this end are iron [Fe(III)] and manganese [Mn(IV)], which are reduced to Fe(II) and Mn(II) respectively, and most microorganisms that reduce Fe(III) can reduce Mn(IV) as well. But other metals and metalloids are also used as terminal electron acceptors, such as vanadium [V(V)], chromium [Cr(VI)], molybdenum [Mo(VI)], cobalt [Co(III)], palladium [Pd(II)], gold [Au(III)], and Mercury (element), mercury [Hg(II)]. Conditions and mechanisms for dissimilatory metal reduction Dissimilatory metal reducers are a diverse group of microorganisms, which is reflected in the factors that affect the different forms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe,, ''mikros'', "small") and ''organism'' from the el, ὀργανισμός, ''organismós'', "organism"). It is usually written as a single word but is sometimes hyphenated (''micro-organism''), especially in older texts. The informal synonym ''microbe'' () comes from μικρός, mikrós, "small" and βίος, bíos, "life". is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s, Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, and anthrax. Because mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native state), as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermoanaerobacter
''Thermoanaerobacter'' is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria). Members of this genus are thermophilic and anaerobic, several of them were previously described as ''Clostridium'' species and members of the now obsolete genera ''Acetogenium'' and ''Thermobacteroides'' Etymology The name ''Thermoanaerobacter'' derives from:Greek adjective ''thermos (θερμός)'', hot; Greek prefix ''an (ἄν)'', not; Greek noun ''aer, aeros (ἀήρ, ἀέρος)'', air; New Latin grammatical gender, masculine gender noun, ''-bacter, bacter'', nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; New Latin grammatical gender, masculine gender noun ''Thermoanaerobacter'', rod which grows in the absence of air at elevated temperatures. Species The genus contains 15 species, namely * ''Thermoanaerobacter acetoethylicus, T. acetoethylicus'' (Ben-Bassat and Zeikus 1983) Rainey and Stackebrandt 1993 (Latin noun ''acetum'', vinegar; New Latin adjective ''ethylicus'', pertaining to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deferribacter
''Deferribacter'' is a genus in the phylum Deferribacterota (Bacteria). Etymology The name ''Deferribacter'' derives from:Latin pref. ''de''-, from; Latin noun ''ferrum'', iron; New Latin grammatical gender, masculine gender noun, a rod''-bacter, bacter'', nominally meaning "a rod", but in effect meaning a bacterium, rod; New Latin grammatical gender, masculine gender noun ''Deferribacter'', rod that reduces iron. Species The genus contains 4 species, namely * ''Deferribacter abyssi, D. abyssi'' Miroshnichenko et al. 2003; (Latin Latin declension, genitive case noun ''abyssi'', of immense depths, living in the depths of the ocean.) * ''Deferribacter autotrophicus, D. autotrophicus'' Slobodkina et al. 2009; (New Latin grammatical gender, masculine gender adjective ''autotrophicus'', autotrophic.) * ''Deferribacter desulfuricans, D. desulfuricans'' Takai et al. 2003; (New Latin participle adjective ''desulfuricans'', reducing sulfur.) * ''Deferribacter thermophilus, D. thermophilus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geothrix Fermentans
''Geothrix fermentans'' is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium. It is about 0.1 µm in diameter and ranges from 2-3 µm in length. Cell arrangement occurs singly and in chains. ''Geothrix fermentans'' can normally be found in aquatic sediments such as in aquifers. As an anaerobic chemoorganotroph, this organism is best known for its ability to use electron acceptors Fe(III), as well as other high potential metals. It also uses a wide range of substrates as electron donors. Research on metal reduction by ''G. fermentans'' has contributed to understanding more about the geochemical cycling of metals in the environment. Taxonomy history ''Geothrix fermentans'' was isolated from metal-contaminated waters of an aquifer in 1999 by John D. Coates from Southern Illinois University and by others from the University of Massachusetts. The novel strain was originally named "Strain H-5T ". After classifying metabolism and confirming the presence and number of c-type cytochromes, Coat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albidiferax
''Albidiferax'' is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria). Etymology The name ''Albidiferax'' derives from:Latin adjective ''albidus'', whitish, white; Latin adjective ''ferax'', fertile; New Latin grammatical gender, masculine gender noun ''Albidiferax'', whitish and fertile. Species The genus contains a single species, namely ''Albidiferax ferrireducens'' ( corrig. (Finneran ''et al''. 2003) Ramana and Sasikala 2009, (Type species of the genus).; Latin noun ''ferrum'', iron; Latin participle adjective ''reducens'' (from Latin v. ''reducere''), leading back, bringing back and in chemistry converting to a different oxidation state; New Latin participle adjective ''ferrireducens'', iron-reducing (converting iron to a reduced oxidation state).) See also * Bacterial taxonomy * Microbiology References Comamonadaceae Monotypic bacteria genera Bacteria genera {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature (journal)
''Nature'' is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. ''Nature'' was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2019 ''Journal Citation Reports'' (with an ascribed impact factor of 42.778), making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals. , it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month. Founded in autumn 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander Macmillan as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal; ''Nature'' redoubled its efforts in exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Nanowires
Bacterial nanowires (also known as microbial nanowires) are electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria most notably from (but not exclusive to) the ''Geobacter'' and ''Shewanella'' genera. Conductive nanowires have also been confirmed in the oxygenic cyanobacterium ''Synechocystis'' PCC6803 and a thermophilic, methanogenic coculture consisting of '' Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum'' and '' Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus''. From physiological and functional perspectives, bacterial nanowires are diverse. The precise role microbial nanowires play in their biological systems has not been fully realized, but several proposed functions exist. Outside of a naturally occurring environment, bacterial nanowires have shown potential to be useful in several fields, notably the bioenergy and bioremediation industries. Physiology ''Geobacter'' nanowires were originally thought to be modified pili, which are used to establish connections to terminal electron a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biofilm
A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes". Biofilms may form on living or non-living surfaces and can be prevalent in natural, industrial, and hospital settings. They may constitute a microbiome or be a portion of it. The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, are single cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium. Biofilms can form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shewanella
''Shewanella'' is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as ''Alteromonas''. ''Shewanella'' consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high. ''Shewanella'' bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage. ''Shewanella chilikensis'', a species of the genus ''Shewanella'' commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. ''Shewanella oneidensis'' MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells. Biochemical characteristics of ''Shewanella'' species Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of ''Shewanell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Facultative Anaerobe
A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent. Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are ''Staphylococcus'' spp., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Salmonella'', ''Listeria'' spp., ''Shewanella oneidensis'' and ''Yersinia pestis''. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes. See also * Aerobic respiration * Anaerobic respiration * Fermentation * Obligate aerobe * Obligate anaerobe * Microaerophile A microaerophile is a microorganism that requires environments containing lower levels of dioxygen than that are present in the atmosphere (i.e. < 21% O2; typically 2–10% O2) for optimal growth. A more re ... References External links < ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
