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Cryptothallus
''Cryptothallus'' is a previously recognized genus of liverworts in the family Aneuraceae. The plants are small, and are white to pale green as a result of lacking chlorophyll. This feature led to the creation of a separate genus. The morphology of species assigned to ''Cryptothallus'' is very similar to that of '' Aneura''. As a result, Karen Renzaglia in 1982 suggested that the only species then placed in the genus, ''Cryptothallus mirabilis'', may be considered "merely as an achlorophyllous species of ''Aneura''." Wickett and Goffinet argued the same position on the basis of sequences of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid DNA, and moved ''Cryptothallus mirabilis'' to ''Aneura''. A 2010 molecular phylogenetic study confirmed the position of ''Cryptothallus'' within ''Aneura''. This was accepted in the 2016 world checklist of hornworts and liverworts. Species Two species were formerly placed in the genus. *''Cryptothallus mirabilis'' Malmb., now a synonym of ''Aneura mirabilis'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aneura Mirabilis
''Aneura mirabilis'' is a species of liverworts in the family Aneuraceae. It was first described in 1933, as ''Cryptothallus mirabilis''. Plants of this species are white as a result of lacking chlorophyll, and their plastids do not differentiate into chloroplasts. Description ''Aneura mirabilis'' is a subterranean myco-heterotroph that obtains its nutrients from the abundant fungi growing among its tissues rather than from photosynthesis. The infecting fungus is a basidiomycete, a species of ''Tulasnella'', which is also the case in fungi associated with other species of ''Aneura'', as well as the related genus ''Riccardia''. However, this is not the case for other members of the Metzgeriales that have been studied. Plants are white, lacking chlorophyll, and their plastids do not differentiate into chloroplasts. They are small, seldom growing more than long. The species is dioicous, with individual plants producing either antheridia or archegonia, but never both. The female plan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metzgeriales
Metzgeriales is an Order (biology), order of Marchantiophyta, liverworts. The group is sometimes called the simple thalloid liverworts: "thallus, thalloid" because the members lack structures resembling stems or leaves, and "simple" because their tissues are thin and relatively cellular differentiation, undifferentiated. All species in the order have a small gametophyte stage and a smaller, relatively short-lived, sporophyte, spore-bearing stage. Although these plants are almost entirely restricted to regions with high humidity or readily available moisture, the group as a whole is widely distributed, and occurs on every continent except Antarctica. Description Members of the Metzgeriales typically are small and thin enough to be translucent, with most of the tissues only a single cell layer in thickness. Because these plants are thin and relatively undifferentiated, with little evidence of distinct tissues, the Metzgeriales are sometimes called the "simple thalloid liverwor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aneuraceae
Aneuraceae (sometimes Riccardiaceae) is a family (biology), family of thallose Marchantiophyta, liverworts in the Order (biology), order Metzgeriales. Most species are very small with narrow, branching thalli. Taxonomy Aneuraceae is the largest family in the order Metzgeriales, simple Thallus, thalloid liverworts. The number of species listed is considered to be inflated because of a high level of Synonym (taxonomy), synonomy, and might be reduced from about 300 to about 100 if the family were revised. Species are difficult to delimit because nearly all are morphologically highly variable. Genetic studies suggest that some, such as ''Aneura pinguis'', include morphologically cryptic species. A Molecular phylogenetics, molecular phylogenetic study in 2010 produced a cladogram showing the relationships among the four genera placed in the family Aneuraceae: References Liverwort families Metzgeriales {{Bryophyte-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marchantiophyta
The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information. It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus, but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss. Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled rhizoids. Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a costa (present in many mosses) and may bear marginal cilia (very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly diff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words , ("pale green") and , ("leaf"). Chlorophyll allow plants to absorb energy from light. Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll ''a'' and ''b''. History Chlorophyll was first isolated and named by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817. The presence of magnesium in chlorophyll was discovered in 1906, and was that element's first detection in living tissue. After initial work done by German chemi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant Morphology
Phytomorphology is the study of the morphology (biology), physical form and external structure of plants.Raven, P. H., R. F. Evert, & S. E. Eichhorn. ''Biology of Plants'', 7th ed., page 9. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005). . This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal Anatomy, structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants. Recent studies in molecular biology started to investigate the molecular processes involved in determining the conservation and diversification of plant morphologies. In these studies transcriptome conservation patterns were found to mark crucial ontogenetic transitions during the plant life cycle which may result in evolutionary constraints limiting diversification. Scope Plant morphology "represents a study of the development, form, and structure of plants, and, by implication, an attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aneura (plant)
''Aneura'' is a genus of liverworts in the family Aneuraceae. Species The 2016 world checklist of hornworts and liverworts listed the following species, placed into three categories. ;Fully accepted *'' Aneura blasioides'' *'' Aneura crateriformis'' *'' Aneura hirsuta'' *'' Aneura marianensis'' *'' Aneura maxima'' *''Aneura mirabilis'' *'' Aneura novaguineensis'' *''Aneura pinguis'' ;Insufficient knowledge *'' Aneura brasiliensis'' *'' Aneura cerebrata'' *''Aneura crumii'' *'' Aneura eachamensis'' *'' Aneura erronea'' *'' Aneura eskuchei'' *'' Aneura gemmifera'' *''Aneura gibbsiana'' *'' Aneura glaucescens'' *'' Aneura imbricata'' *'' Aneura kaguaensis'' *''Aneura keniae'' *''Aneura latissima'' *''Aneura macrostachya'' *''Aneura novaecaledoniae'' *''Aneura pellucida'' *''Aneura polyantha'' *''Aneura punctata'' *''Aneura rodwayi'' *''Aneura rotangicola'' *''Aneura sharpii ''Aneura'' may refer to: * ''Aneura'' (fly), a genus of insects in the family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitic Plants
A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the haustorium, which penetrates the host plant, connecting them to the host vasculature – either the xylem, phloem, or both. For example, plants like ''Striga'' or ''Rhinanthus'' connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Alternately, plants like ''Cuscuta'' and some members of ''Orobanche'' connect to both the xylem and phloem of the host. This provides them with the ability to extract water and nutrients from the host. Parasitic plants are classified depending on the location where the parasitic plant latches onto the host (root or stem), the amount of nutrients it requires, and their photosynthetic capability. Some parasitic plants can locate their host plants by detecting volatile chemicals in the air or soil given ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
