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Crusades Against Christians
Crusades against Christians were Christian religious wars dating from the 11thcentury First Crusade when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy. Later in the 12thcentury focus changed onto heretics and schismatics rather than infidels. Holy wars were fought in northern France, against Roger II of Sicily, King Roger II of Sicily, various heretics, their protectors, mercenary bands and the first ''political'' crusade against Markward of Anweiler. Full crusading apparatus was deployed against Christians in the conflict with the Cathar heretics of southern France and their Christian protectors in the 13th. This was given equivalence with the Eastern crusades and supported by developments such as the creation of the Papal States. The aims were to make the crusade indulgence available to the laity, the reconfiguration of Christian society, and ecclesiastical taxation. Crusades against Christians Christian holy war had a long history pre-dating the 11t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Religious War
A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war ( la, sanctum bellum), is a war which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent to which religious, economic, ethnic or other aspects of a conflict are predominant in a given war. The degree to which a war may be considered religious depends on many underlying questions, such as the definition of religion, the definition of 'religious war' (taking religious traditions on violence such as 'holy war' into account), and the applicability of religion to war as opposed to other possible factors. Answers to these questions heavily influence conclusions on how prevalent religious wars have been as opposed to other types of wars. According to scholars such as Jeffrey Burton Russell, conflicts may not be rooted strictly in religion and instead may be a cover for the underlying secular power, ethnic, social, political, and economic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
