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Cronobacter Sakazakii
''Cronobacter sakazakii'', which before 2007 was named ''Enterobacter sakazakii'', is an opportunistic Gram-negative, rod-shaped, pathogenic bacterium that can live in very dry places, otherwise known as xerotolerance. ''C. sakazakii'' utilizes a number of genes to survive desiccation and this xerotolerance may be strain specific. The majority of ''C. sakazakii'' cases are adults but low-birth-weight preterm neonatal and older infants are at the highest risk. The pathogen is a rare cause of invasive infection in infants, with historically high case fatality rates (40–80%). In infants it can cause bacteraemia, meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Most neonatal ''C. sakazakii'' infections cases have been associated with the use of powdered infant formula with some strains able to survive in a desiccated state for more than two years. However, not all cases have been linked to contaminated infant formula. In November 2011, several shipments of Kotex tampons were recalled due ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are found in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism ''Escherichia coli'', as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as '' Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and '' Yersinia pestis''. They are a significant medical challenge as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multilocus Sequence Typing
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci, using DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes to characterize isolates of microbial species. The first MLST scheme to be developed was for ''Neisseria meningitidis'', the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Since its introduction for the research of evolutionary history, MLST has been used not only for human pathogens but also for plant pathogens. Principle MLST directly measures the DNA sequence variations in a set of housekeeping genes and characterizes strains by their unique allelic profiles. The principle of MLST is simple: the technique involves PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. Nucleotide differences between strains can be checked at a variable number of genes depending on the degree of discrimination desired. The workflow of MLST involves: 1) data collection, 2) data analysis and 3) multilocus sequence an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronobacter Malonaticus
''Cronobacter malonaticus'', formerly considered a subspecies of '' Cronobacter sakazakii'', is a bacterium. Its type strain is CDC 1058-77T (=LMG 23826T =DSM 18702T). References Further reading * * * * External links LPSN*Type strain of ''Cronobacter malonaticus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria described in 2008 {{Enterobacterales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronobacter Dublinensis
''Cronobacter dublinensis'' is a bacterium. Its name pertains to Dublin, the origin of the type strain. The type strain is originally from a milk powder manufacturing facility (LMG 23823T =DSMZ 18705T). ''C. dublinensis'' sp. nov. is dulcitol negative and methyl-α-D- glucopyranoside positive and generally positive for indole Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C8 H7 N. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environme ... production. References Further reading * * * External linksLPSN*Type strain of ''Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronobacter Muytjensii
''Cronobacter muytjensii'' is a bacterium. It is named after Harry Muytjens. Its type strain is ATCC 51329T (=CIP 103581T). It is indole, dulcitol, and malonate positive but palatinose Isomaltulose is a disaccharide carbohydrate composed of glucose and fructose. The glucose and fructose are linked by an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond (chemical name: 6-''0''-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose). Isomaltulose is present in honey and suga ... and methyl-α-D- glucopyranoside negative. References Further reading * * * External links LPSN*Type strain of ''Cronobacter muytjensii'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria described in 2007 {{Enterobacterales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronobacter Turicensis
''Cronobacter turicensis'' is a bacterium. It is usually food-borne and pathogenic. It is named after ''Turicum'', the Latin name of Zurich, as the type strain originates from there. Its type strain is strain 3032 (=LMG 23827T =DSMZ 18703T). This strain was first isolated from a fatal case of neonatal meningitis. ''C. Turicensis'' strains are indole negative but malonate, dulcitol Galactitol (dulcitol) is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose. It has a slightly sweet taste. In people with galactokinase deficiency, a form of galactosemia, excess dulcitol forms in the lens of the eye leading to cataracts. Gal ... and methyl-α-D- glucopyranoside positive. References Further reading * * External links LPSN*Type strain of ''Cronobacter turicensis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria described in 2007 {{Enterobacterales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. It was first proposed by Rahn in 1936, and now includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. In 2016, the description and members of this family were emended based on comparative genomic analyses by Adeolu et al. Enterobacteriaceae includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as '' Salmonella'', ''Escherichia coli'', '' Klebsiella'', and '' Shigella''. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include '' Enterobacter'' and '' Citrobacter''. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae can be trivially referred to as enterobacteria or "enteric bacteria",as several members live in the intestines of animals. In fact, the etymology of the family is enterobacterium with the suffix ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribotyping
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification and characterization that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is a rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages. All bacteria have ribosomal genes, but the exact sequence is unique to each species, serving as a genetic fingerprint. Therefore, sequencing the particular 16S gene and comparing it to a database would yield identification of the particular species. Technique Ribotyping involves the digestion of bacterial genomic DNA with specific restriction enzymes. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence, resulting in fragments of different lengths. Those fragments are then run on a Gel electrophoresis, where they are separated according to size: the application of electrical field to the gel in which they are suspended causes the movement of DNA fragments (all negatively charged due to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
AFLP-PCR or just AFLP is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering. Developed in the early 1990s by KeyGene, AFLP uses restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA, followed by ligation of adaptors to the sticky ends of the restriction fragments. A subset of the restriction fragments is then selected to be amplified. This selection is achieved by using primers complementary to the adaptor sequence, the restriction site sequence and a few nucleotides inside the restriction site fragments (as described in detail below). The amplified fragments are separated and visualized on denaturing on agarose gel electrophoresis , either through autoradiography or fluorescence methodologies, or via automated capillary sequencing instruments. Although AFLP should not be used as an acronym, it is commonly referred to as "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are not scored as length polymorphisms, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
16S Ribosomal RNA
16 S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome ( SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA gene and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium. Functions * Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins. * The 3-end contains the anti- Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis * Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citrobacter
''Citrobacter'' is a genus of Gram-negative coliform bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. The species ''C. amalonaticus'', ''C. koseri'', and ''C. freundii'' can use citrate as a sole carbon source. ''Citrobacter'' species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole (''C. koseri'' is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), ferment lactose (''C. koseri'' is a lactose fermentor), and use malonate. ''Citrobacter'' shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes. Clinical significance These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. They can also be found in the human intestine. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the GI Tract, urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis. ''Citrobacter freundii'' strains have inducible ''ampC'' genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporin The cephalosporins (sg. ) are a class of β-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacter
''Enterobacter'' is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus ''Enterobacter'' is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms (or thermotolerant coliforms) group of bacteria, unlike ''Escherichia coli'', because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties. One clinically important species from this genus is '' E. cloacae''. Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the International Space Station (ISS) of five ''Enterobacter bugandensis'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
