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Cotangent Sheaf
In algebraic geometry, given a morphism ''f'': ''X'' → ''S'' of schemes, the cotangent sheaf on ''X'' is the sheaf of \mathcal_X-modules \Omega_ that represents (or classifies) ''S''-derivations in the sense: for any \mathcal_X-modules ''F'', there is an isomorphism :\operatorname_(\Omega_, F) = \operatorname_S(\mathcal_X, F) that depends naturally on ''F''. In other words, the cotangent sheaf is characterized by the universal property: there is the differential d: \mathcal_X \to \Omega_ such that any ''S''-derivation D: \mathcal_X \to F factors as D = \alpha \circ d with some \alpha: \Omega_ \to F. In the case ''X'' and ''S'' are affine schemes, the above definition means that \Omega_ is the module of Kähler differentials. The standard way to construct a cotangent sheaf (e.g., Hartshorne, Ch II. § 8) is through a diagonal morphism (which amounts to gluing modules of Kähler differentials on affine charts to get the globally-defined cotangent sheaf.) The dual module of the cota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheaf Of Modules
In mathematics, a sheaf of ''O''-modules or simply an ''O''-module over a ringed space (''X'', ''O'') is a sheaf (mathematics), sheaf ''F'' such that, for any open subset ''U'' of ''X'', ''F''(''U'') is an ''O''(''U'')-module and the restriction maps ''F''(''U'') → ''F''(''V'') are compatible with the restriction maps ''O''(''U'') → ''O''(''V''): the restriction of ''fs'' is the restriction of ''f'' times that of ''s'' for any ''f'' in ''O''(''U'') and ''s'' in ''F''(''U''). The standard case is when ''X'' is a scheme (mathematics), scheme and ''O'' its structure sheaf. If ''O'' is the constant sheaf \underline, then a sheaf of ''O''-modules is the same as a sheaf of abelian groups (i.e., an abelian sheaf). If ''X'' is the prime spectrum of a ring ''R'', then any ''R''-module defines an ''O''''X''-module (called an associated sheaf) in a natural way. Similarly, if ''R'' is a graded ring and ''X'' is the Proj construction, Proj of ''R'', then any graded module ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noetherian Scheme
In algebraic geometry, a noetherian scheme is a scheme that admits a finite covering by open affine subsets \operatorname A_i, A_i noetherian rings. More generally, a scheme is locally noetherian if it is covered by spectra of noetherian rings. Thus, a scheme is noetherian if and only if it is locally noetherian and quasi-compact. As with noetherian rings, the concept is named after Emmy Noether. It can be shown that, in a locally noetherian scheme, if \operatorname A is an open affine subset, then ''A'' is a noetherian ring. In particular, \operatorname A is a noetherian scheme if and only if ''A'' is a noetherian ring. Let ''X'' be a locally noetherian scheme. Then the local rings \mathcal_ are noetherian rings. A noetherian scheme is a noetherian topological space. But the converse is false in general; consider, for example, the spectrum of a non-noetherian valuation ring. The definitions extend to formal schemes. Properties and Noetherian hypotheses Having a (locally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hitchin Fibration
In mathematics, the Hitchin integrable system is an integrable system depending on the choice of a complex reductive group and a compact Riemann surface, introduced by Nigel Hitchin in 1987. It lies on the crossroads of algebraic geometry, the theory of Lie algebras and integrable system theory. It also plays an important role in the geometric Langlands correspondence over the field of complex numbers through conformal field theory. A genus zero analogue of the Hitchin system, the Garnier system, was discovered by René Garnier somewhat earlier as a certain limit of the Schlesinger equations, and Garnier solved his system by defining spectral curves. (The Garnier system is the classical limit of the Gaudin model. In turn, the Schlesinger equations are the classical limit of the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations). Almost all integrable systems of classical mechanics can be obtained as particular cases of the Hitchin system or their common generalization defined by Bottacin an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Vector Bundle
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of Sheaf (mathematics), sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to a sheaf of rings that codifies this geometric information. Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. Unlike vector bundles, they form an abelian category, and so they are closed under operations such as taking kernel (category theory), kernels, image (mathematics), images, and cokernels. The quasi-coherent sheaves are a generalization of coherent sheaves and include the locally free sheaves of infinite rank. Coherent sheaf cohomology is a powerful technique, in particular for studying the sections of a given coherent sheaf. Definitions A quasi-coherent sheaf on a ringed space (X, \mathcal O_X) is a sheaf \mathcal F of \mathcal O_X-sheaf of modules, modules which has a local present ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Relative Spec
In commutative algebra, the prime spectrum (or simply the spectrum) of a ring ''R'' is the set of all prime ideals of ''R'', and is usually denoted by \operatorname; in algebraic geometry it is simultaneously a topological space equipped with the sheaf of rings \mathcal. Zariski topology For any ideal ''I'' of ''R'', define V_I to be the set of prime ideals containing ''I''. We can put a topology on \operatorname(R) by defining the collection of closed sets to be :\. This topology is called the Zariski topology. A basis for the Zariski topology can be constructed as follows. For ''f'' ∈ ''R'', define ''D''''f'' to be the set of prime ideals of ''R'' not containing ''f''. Then each ''D''''f'' is an open subset of \operatorname(R), and \ is a basis for the Zariski topology. \operatorname(R) is a compact space, but almost never Hausdorff: in fact, the maximal ideals in ''R'' are precisely the closed points in this topology. By the same reasoning, it is not, in general, a T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chern Class
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated with complex vector bundles. They have since found applications in physics, Calabi–Yau manifolds, string theory, Chern–Simons theory, knot theory, Gromov–Witten invariants, topological quantum field theory, the Chern theorem etc. Chern classes were introduced by . Geometric approach Basic idea and motivation Chern classes are characteristic classes. They are topological invariants associated with vector bundles on a smooth manifold. The question of whether two ostensibly different vector bundles are the same can be quite hard to answer. The Chern classes provide a simple test: if the Chern classes of a pair of vector bundles do not agree, then the vector bundles are different. The converse, however, is not true. In topology, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry, it is often important to count how many l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tautological Line Bundle
In mathematics, the tautological bundle is a vector bundle occurring over a Grassmannian in a natural tautological way: for a Grassmannian of k- dimensional subspaces of V, given a point in the Grassmannian corresponding to a k-dimensional vector subspace W \subseteq V, the fiber over W is the subspace W itself. In the case of projective space the tautological bundle is known as the tautological line bundle. The tautological bundle is also called the universal bundle since any vector bundle (over a compact space) is a pullback of the tautological bundle; this is to say a Grassmannian is a classifying space for vector bundles. Because of this, the tautological bundle is important in the study of characteristic classes. Tautological bundles are constructed both in algebraic topology and in algebraic geometry. In algebraic geometry, the tautological line bundle (as invertible sheaf) is :\mathcal_(-1), the dual of the hyperplane bundle or Serre's twisting sheaf \mathcal_(1). The h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conormal Sheaf
In algebraic geometry, the normal cone C_XY of a subscheme X of a scheme Y is a scheme analogous to the normal bundle or tubular neighborhood in differential geometry. Definition The normal cone or C_ of an embedding , defined by some sheaf of ideals ''I'' is defined as the relative Spec \operatorname_X \left(\bigoplus_^ I^n / I^\right). When the embedding ''i'' is regular the normal cone is the normal bundle, the vector bundle on ''X'' corresponding to the dual of the sheaf . If ''X'' is a point, then the normal cone and the normal bundle to it are also called the tangent cone and the tangent space (Zariski tangent space) to the point. When ''Y'' = Spec ''R'' is affine, the definition means that the normal cone to ''X'' = Spec ''R''/''I'' is the Spec of the associated graded ring of ''R'' with respect to ''I''. If ''Y'' is the product ''X'' × ''X'' and the embedding ''i'' is the diagonal embedding, then the normal bundle to ''X'' in ''Y'' is the tangent bundle to ''X''. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quasi-coherent Sheaf
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to a sheaf of rings that codifies this geometric information. Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. Unlike vector bundles, they form an abelian category, and so they are closed under operations such as taking kernels, images, and cokernels. The quasi-coherent sheaves are a generalization of coherent sheaves and include the locally free sheaves of infinite rank. Coherent sheaf cohomology is a powerful technique, in particular for studying the sections of a given coherent sheaf. Definitions A quasi-coherent sheaf on a ringed space (X, \mathcal O_X) is a sheaf \mathcal F of \mathcal O_X-modules which has a local presentation, that is, every point in X has an open neighborhood U in which there is an ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Representable Functor
In mathematics, particularly category theory, a representable functor is a certain functor from an arbitrary category into the category of sets. Such functors give representations of an abstract category in terms of known structures (i.e. sets and functions) allowing one to utilize, as much as possible, knowledge about the category of sets in other settings. From another point of view, representable functors for a category ''C'' are the functors ''given'' with ''C''. Their theory is a vast generalisation of upper sets in posets, and of Cayley's theorem in group theory. Definition Let C be a locally small category and let Set be the category of sets. For each object ''A'' of C let Hom(''A'',–) be the hom functor that maps object ''X'' to the set Hom(''A'',''X''). A functor ''F'' : C → Set is said to be representable if it is naturally isomorphic to Hom(''A'',–) for some object ''A'' of C. A representation of ''F'' is a pair (''A'', Φ) where :Φ : Hom(''A'',&ndash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separated Morphism
In algebraic geometry, given a morphism of schemes p: X \to S, the diagonal morphism :\delta: X \to X \times_S X is a morphism determined by the universal property of the fiber product X \times_S X of ''p'' and ''p'' applied to the identity 1_X : X \to X and the identity 1_X. It is a special case of a graph morphism: given a morphism f: X \to Y over ''S'', the graph morphism of it is X \to X \times_S Y induced by f and the identity 1_X. The diagonal embedding is the graph morphism of 1_X. By definition, ''X'' is a separated scheme over ''S'' (p: X \to S is a separated morphism) if the diagonal morphism is a closed immersion. Also, a morphism p: X \to S locally of finite presentation is an unramified morphism if and only if the diagonal embedding is an open immersion. Explanation As an example, consider an algebraic variety over an algebraically closed field ''k'' and p: X \to \operatorname(k) the structure map. Then, identifying ''X'' with the set of its ''k''-rational points, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Locally Closed
In topology, a branch of mathematics, a subset E of a topological space X is said to be locally closed if any of the following equivalent conditions are satisfied: * E is the intersection of an open set and a closed set in X. * For each point x\in E, there is a neighborhood U of x such that E \cap U is closed in U. * E is an open subset of its closure \overline. * The set \overline\setminus E is closed in X. * E is the difference of two closed sets in X. * E is the difference of two open sets in X. The second condition justifies the terminology ''locally closed'' and is Bourbaki's definition of locally closed. To see the second condition implies the third, use the facts that for subsets A \subseteq B, A is closed in B if and only if A = \overline \cap B and that for a subset E and an open subset U, \overline \cap U = \overline \cap U. Examples The interval (0, 1] = (0, 2) \cap , 1/math> is a locally closed subset of \Reals. For another example, consider the relative interior D of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |